Wireless battery for physiological monitoring system

ABSTRACT

A wireless recharging battery can be removably and replaceably coupled to a physiological monitoring device in a manner that securely retains the wireless recharging battery in a precise location relative to a corresponding wireless power interface of the monitoring device, while facilitating intuitive and easy removal and replacement of the wireless recharging battery by a user.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a bypass continuation that claims priority toInternational Patent Application No. PCT/US21/55325 filed on Oct. 16,2021, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent App. No.63/093,020 filed on Oct. 16, 2020, U.S. Provisional Patent App. No.63/137,993 filed on Jan. 15, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Patent No.63/210,836 filed on Jun. 15, 2021. The entire content of each of theforegoing applications is hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to physiological monitoringsystems and arrangements for deploying and using same.

BACKGROUND

Wearable physiological monitors can provide a wealth of physiologicaldata from a wearer. There remains a need for improved physiologicalmonitors to better support and augment continuous monitoring for a widerange of users and activities.

SUMMARY

The present teachings include physiological monitoring systems andarrangements for deploying and using same, including devices, systems,and methods to support continuous monitoring. For example, the presentdisclosure includes a garment that provides infrastructure for using oneor more physiological monitoring devices. To this end, the presentdisclosure also includes a pocket for a removable and replaceablephysiological monitoring device that can be incorporated into an articleof clothing and configured to retain the device in a position formonitoring during physical activity. Moreover, the present disclosureincludes a wireless battery that can be removably and replaceablycoupled to a physiological monitoring device in a manner that securelyretains the wireless recharging battery in a precise location relativeto a corresponding wireless power interface of the monitoring device.The present disclosure further includes a strap for a wearablephysiological monitor that can be adjusted to a desired tension.

A garment provides infrastructure for using one or more physiologicalmonitoring devices. This may include connecting infrastructure such asphysical restrains to securely retain monitoring devices during use,supporting infrastructure such as an intra-garment communications bus,external communications infrastructure, power sources, and the like, aswell as augmentation infrastructure to augment monitors with, e.g.,processing power, geolocation services, user interfaces, additionalsensors, and so forth.

In an aspect, a system disclosed herein may include: a module includingone or more sensors for physiological monitoring; a garment having apocket shaped and sized to removably and replaceably receive the module,the pocket positioned to retain the module at a location on a wearer ofthe garment and the pocket configured to retain the module with apredetermined contact force against a skin of the wearer; and aninfrastructure component coupled to the garment for using the module ina physiological monitoring system.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Themodule may include a fixture for attaching to an adjustable wrist strapconfigured to secure the module as a wrist-worn physiological monitor.The module may detect the location and adapt a data acquisitionalgorithm applied to data from one or more sensors based on thelocation. The pocket may include a window facilitating direct physicalcontact between a sensing region of the module and the wearer. Thepocket may be positioned within an elastic band of the garment. Thepocket may be positioned over an artery of the wearer suitable foracquiring photoplethysmography data. The garment may include a pluralityof pockets for retaining a plurality of modules. The system may furtherinclude two or more modules in the plurality of pockets, each of the twoor more modules configured to monitor a different physiologicalparameter. One or more of the sensors may include at least one of anoptical sensor, a light emitting diode, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, aconductivity sensor, a capacitive sensor, a skin temperature sensor, andan environmental sensor. The infrastructure component may include alocation identifier for the pocket. The infrastructure component mayinclude a power supply for the module. The infrastructure component mayinclude a communication system. The infrastructure component may includea wired intra-garment network. The infrastructure component may includea processor. The infrastructure component may include a GlobalPositioning System. The infrastructure component may include a timingdevice for synchronizing signals from two or more modules. Theinfrastructure component may include a beacon for synchronizing signalsamong two or more modular sensing devices. The physiological monitoringsystem may monitor one or more of a heart rate, a body temperature, amuscle activity, and a respiration rate. The system may further includea remote processing resource coupled in a communicating relationshipwith the module in the garment. The remote processing resource may beconfigured to receive data from the module including the location of themodule and physiological data from one or more sensors, and the remoteprocessing resource may be further configured to adapt processing of thephysiological data based on the location. The system may further includea plurality of garments each providing data from at least onegarment-coupled module. The system may further include a processorcoupled in a communicating relationship with the module and configuredto detect the location of the module and adapt processing of data fromone or more sensors according to the location. The system may furtherinclude a processor coupled in a communicating relationship with themodule and configured to detect the location of the module and select amotion-based activity recognition model based on the location. Thesystem may further include a processor coupled in a communicatingrelationship with the module and configured to perform a differentialanalysis based on signals from two or more modules. The system mayfurther include a processor configured to detect when the garment doesnot properly fit the wearer for acquisition of physiological data fromthe wearer. The module may have at least two sensors for detectingcontact with the wearer including a first sensor for detecting contactwhen the module is in the pocket and a second sensor for detectingcontact when the module is worn on a wrist of the wearer. The system mayfurther include two or more modules at two or more locations on thegarment, the physiological monitoring system configured to detect thetwo or more locations and obtain synchronous measurements from the twoor more modules at the two or more locations. The system may furtherinclude two or more modules at two or more locations on the garment, thephysiological monitoring system configured to detect the two or morelocations and obtain concurrent measurements from the two or moremodules at the two or more locations.

In an aspect, a smart garment system disclosed herein may include: agarment structurally configured for wearing by a user, the garmentincluding one or more designated areas for sensing a physiologicalparameter of the user; a plurality of modules sized and shaped forplacement at one or more designated areas of the garment, each of theplurality of modules including one or more physiological sensors and acommunications interface configured to transmit data from the one ormore physiological sensors; and a controller configured to determine alocation of a first module of the plurality of modules proximal to oneof the designated areas of the garment, and based on the location,control operation of the first module.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thecontroller may be configured to control one or more of (i) sensingperformed by one or more physiological sensors of the first module and(ii) processing by the first module of the data received from one ormore physiological sensors. The system may further include a processorand a memory, the memory bearing computer executable code configured tobe executed by the processor to perform processing of the data receivedfrom the first module. The memory may store one or more algorithms totransform data received from the first module. An algorithm of the oneor more algorithms may be selected based on the location of the firstmodule. An algorithm of the one or more algorithms may be selected atleast in part based on metadata received from one of the first moduleand the garment. The metadata may include at least one of a sex of theuser, a weight of the user, a height of the user, an age of the user,and data associated with the garment. The metadata may include dataassociated with the garment including at least one of a type of garment,a size of the garment, a gender configuration of the garment, amanufacturer, a model number, a serial number, a material, and fitinformation. The garment may include garment metadata transmittable toone or more of the plurality of modules and the controller. Theprocessor may be configured to assess quality of the data received fromthe first module. The processor may be configured to provide, based onthe quality of the data, a recommendation regarding at least one of thelocation of the first module and the garment. The processor may beconfigured to provide a recommendation regarding a different garment.One or more of the processor and the memory may be included on at leastone of the plurality of modules. One or more of the processor and thememory may be remote relative to each of the plurality of modules. Datareceived from the first module may include at least one of heart ratedata, muscle oxygen saturation data, temperature data, and movementdata. The controller may be included on at least one of the plurality ofmodules. The controller may be remote relative to each of the pluralityof modules. The system may further include selecting a processingalgorithm based on the location of the first module. Determining thelocation of the first module may include receiving a sensed location forthe first module. The sensed location may be provided by one or more ofa near-field-communication (NFC) tag, a capacitance sensor, a magneticsensor, an electrical contact, and a mechanical contact. The sensedlocation may be provided by an NFC tag disposed on or within the garmentfor communication with the first module. Determining the location of thefirst module may be at least in part based on interpretation of datareceived from the first module. Determining the location of the firstmodule may include receiving input from the user. The location of thefirst module may be transmitted for storage and analysis to a remoteprocessing facility. The system may further include reconciling one ormore sources of location of information. A designated area of the one ormore designated areas may include a pocket structurally configured toreceive a module therein. A designated area of the one or moredesignated areas may include a first fastener configured to cooperatewith a second fastener disposed on a module. One or more of the firstfastener and the second fastener may include at least one of ahook-and-loop fastener, a button, a clamp, a clip, a snap, a magnet, aprojection, and a void. The one or more designated areas may include atleast one of a torso region, a spinal region, an extremity region, awaistband region, a head region, and a cuff region. The one or moredesignated areas may include at least a region adjacent to one or moremuscle groups of the user. The one or more muscle groups may include atleast one of the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and biceps brachii.The garment may be an undergarment. One or more of the plurality ofmodules may be removable and replaceable relative to the garment. One ormore of the plurality of modules may be configured to sense data usingone or more physiological sensors in a plurality of one or moredesignated areas of the garment.

A pocket for a removable and replaceable physiological monitoring devicecan be incorporated into an article of clothing and configured to retainthe device in a position for monitoring during physical activity, whilefacilitating removal and replacement of the device as needed.

In an aspect, a system disclosed herein may include: a monitoring devicehaving a top surface with a sensor for contact with a target surface, abottom surface opposing the top surface, and sides forming a perimeterof the monitoring device; an article of clothing; and a pocket securingthe monitoring device in the article of clothing. The pocket mayinclude: a retaining ring formed of a first material, the retaining ringshaped to surround the perimeter of the monitoring device and raisedabove a surface of the article of clothing to inhibit lateral movementof the bottom surface of the monitoring device along the surface of thearticle of clothing when the monitoring device is placed for use in thepocket; a window formed of a second material, the window sized andpositioned along an interior region of the article of clothing to exposethe sensor to the target surface when the monitoring device is placedfor use in the pocket; and a wall formed of a third material, the wallcoupling the retaining ring to the window, the third material being anelastic sheet material having a higher elasticity than the window.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thesystem may further include a high-friction surface on an interiorsurface of the pocket bounded by the retaining ring, the high-frictionsurface selected to inhibit lateral movement of the monitoring devicealong the interior surface of the pocket when the monitoring device isplaced for use within the pocket. The system may further include anaccess port along an edge of the pocket, the access port sized toreceive the monitoring device and the access port including a sealconfigured to apply a force on the monitoring device inducing elasticdeformation of the wall of the pocket. The seal may include ahook-and-loop fastener along the access port. The pocket may include aninterior surface bounded by the retaining ring and separated from thewindow by the wall of the third material, where the interior surface isformed of a fourth material having a lower elasticity than the thirdmaterial, where, when the access port is closed, the wall yieldselastically about the perimeter of the monitoring device to urge themonitoring device away from the interior surface of the pocket andtoward the target surface for the sensor. The access port may beaccessible through a first surface on an interior of the article ofclothing contacting a wearer when the article of clothing is in use. Theaccess port may be accessible through a second surface on an exterior ofthe article of clothing facing away from a wearer when the article ofclothing is in use. The window may be smaller than a projection of themonitoring device through a plane of the window when the monitoringdevice is placed for use. The window may be formed of sheet materialthat is substantially inelastic, relative to the fourth material of aninterior surface of the pocket, within the plane of the window. Thearticle of clothing may include an athletic undergarment. The article ofclothing may include one or more of a bicep band, a sock, a calf band,and a chest band.

In an aspect, a pocket for securing a modular physiological monitoringdevice within an article of clothing disclosed herein may include: afirst surface providing a substrate for a monitoring device wheninserted into the pocket, the first surface formed of a first sheetmaterial having a first elasticity; a retaining ring formed of a secondmaterial, the retaining ring forming a raised perimeter to inhibitmovement of a device in the pocket along the first surface; a wallformed of a third material having a higher elasticity than the firstsheet material, the wall including an opening positioned to expose asensor of a device when placed for use in the pocket, and the thirdmaterial selected to elastically yield to the device when inserted intothe pocket; a window formed of a fourth material positioned around theopening, the fourth material having a lower elasticity than the thirdmaterial of the wall; and an access port configured to receive thedevice into the pocket when opened, and configured to secure the devicewithin the pocket against an elastic force of the wall when closed.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thefirst sheet material may include a high friction surface facing aninterior of the pocket, the high friction surface having a greatercoefficient of sliding friction than other interior surfaces of thepocket in order to inhibit lateral movement of a device within thepocket along the first surface. The pocket may further include a highfriction surface treatment for the first sheet material on the firstsurface, the high friction surface treatment having a greatercoefficient of sliding friction than other interior surfaces of thepocket in order to inhibit lateral movement of a device within thepocket along the first surface. The retaining ring may be formed ofneoprene. The retaining ring may have a thickness of between about 0.5and about 1.5 millimeters. The third material of the wall may include anylon blend woven material. The first sheet material may includeneoprene. The window may be sized smaller than a projection of thedevice normal to a plane of the window when the device is placed for usein the pocket. The access port may include a seal, the seal includingone or more of a zipper, a snap, and a hook-and-loop fastener.

A wireless recharging battery can be removably and replaceably coupledto a physiological monitoring device in a manner that securely retainsthe wireless recharging battery in a precise location relative to acorresponding wireless power interface of the monitoring device, whilefacilitating intuitive and easy removal and replacement of the wirelessrecharging battery by a user.

In an aspect, a device disclosed herein may include: a monitoring deviceincluding a first housing, where the first housing includes a firstwaterproof enclosure for a first battery and sensing circuitry poweredby the first battery, the first housing including a pair of functionalguide surfaces on opposing sides thereof, each of the functional guidesurfaces forming a curved draw path, and each of the functional guidesurfaces including a curved detent; and a recharging battery including asecond housing, where the second housing includes a second waterproofenclosure for a second battery and wireless power transfer circuitry,the rechargeable battery including a pair of wings each having a curvedflange shaped to guide the rechargeable battery along the curved drawpath by following a respective one of the functional guide surfaces, thecurved flange further shaped to mate with the curved detent of themonitoring device to secure the recharging battery in a predeterminedposition relative to the monitoring device for wirelessly transferringpower from the second battery to the first battery through the wirelesspower transfer circuitry.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thefunctional guide surfaces may create maximum insertion force forcoupling the recharging battery to the monitoring device along thecurved draw path of about 8 Newtons. The functional guide surfaces maycreate maximum insertion force for coupling the recharging battery tothe monitoring device along the curved draw path of about 5 Newtons toabout 15 Newtons. The functional guide surfaces may create a maximumremoval force for uncoupling the recharging battery from the monitoringdevice along the curved draw path of about 18 Newtons. The functionalguide surfaces may create a maximum removal force for uncoupling therecharging battery from the monitoring device along the curved draw pathof about 10 Newtons to about 35 Newtons. Each of the functional guidesurfaces may include a ramp progressively displacing a corresponding oneof the wings to receive the recharging battery along the curved drawpath. The ramp of each of the functional guide surfaces may displace oneof the wings of the recharging battery about 0.5 millimeters in adirection away from the monitoring device. Each of the functional guidesurfaces may include a second ramp progressively displacing thecorresponding one of the wings to release the recharging battery fromthe curved detent when removing the recharging battery along the curveddraw path. Each of the functional guide surfaces may include a hard stoppreventing movement of the recharging battery beyond the curved detentsthat receive the curved flanges when attaching the recharging battery tothe monitoring device along the curved draw path. Each of the curvedflanges of the wings yield apart from one another about 0.5 millimetersin response to an outward force of about 20 Newtons. Each of the curvedflanges require at least 100 Newtons of outward force to separate fromthe functional guide surfaces of the monitoring device in a directionoff the curved draw path. The second waterproof enclosure may preventingress of water in harmful quantities during immersion in water to atleast one meter for at least thirty minutes. The first waterproofenclosure may prevent ingress of water in harmful quantities duringimmersion in water to at least one meter for at least thirty minutes.The curved draw path may have a radius of curvature of about 227millimeters. The curved draw path may have a radius of curvature ofbetween about 200 millimeters and about 260 millimeters. The secondhousing may be formed of a polycarbonate blend. The pair of wings may besymmetrical about an axis normal to the draw path to facilitatebidirectional coupling of the recharging battery to the monitoringdevice. The recharging battery may be configured for bidirectionalmechanical and electromagnetic coupling to the monitoring device.

In an aspect, a device disclosed herein may include: a battery; awireless power transfer circuit including an antenna having a normalaxis; a housing enclosing the battery and the wireless power transfercircuit, where the housing encloses the battery and the wireless powertransfer circuit to prevent ingress of water in harmful quantitiesduring immersion in water to at least one meter for at least thirtyminutes; and two wings extending from the housing parallel to the normalaxis of the antenna, each wing having a curved flange extending towardan opposing one of the two wings, where each of the wings yields about0.5 millimeters to an outward force of between about ten and aboutthirty Newtons, and where each of the curved flanges has a radius ofcurvature of between about two hundred and about two hundred fiftymillimeters.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thetwo wings may be formed of a polycarbonate blend. The antenna may be aplanar antenna shaped and sized for non-contact power transfer. Theantenna may conform to a lateral surface of a right cylinder. Thelateral surface may have a curvature corresponding to the radius ofcurvature of the curved flanges. The device may further include aphysiological monitoring device having a second antenna for non-contactpower transfer, the second antenna having a curvature corresponding tothe radius of curvature of the curved flanges.

A strap for a wearable physiological monitor can be adjusted to adesired tension. The strap may include a buckle that retains a length ofthe strap as the strap is removed from and replaced to the wearablephysiological monitor. In this manner, one or more straps may be removedand replaced without requiring readjustment of strap length for aparticular user.

In an aspect, a physiological monitoring system disclosed herein mayinclude: a monitoring device including a housing for a battery andsensing circuitry powered by the battery; a clasp pivotally mounted to afirst end of the monitoring device on a first end of the clasp at arotation axis, a second end of the clasp rotatable between a firstposition adjacent to a second end of the monitoring device and a secondposition away from the second end of the monitoring device, the claspincluding a cross member on the second end of the clasp having an axisaligned to the rotation axis for the clasp; a band of an elasticmaterial, the band having a first end and a second end; a hook rotatablycoupled to the cross member on the second end of the clasp, androtatable around the rotation axis to decouple the hook from the crossmember; and a buckle, the buckle linearly removable from and replaceableto the second end of the monitoring device along a second axis parallelto the rotation axis for the clasp, the buckle including a fixtureproviding an overlapping path for adjustably retaining a length of theband of the elastic material between the hook and the buckle.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thehousing may enclose the battery and sensing circuitry in a waterproofenclosure that prevents ingress of water in harmful quantities duringimmersion in water to at least one meter for at least thirty minutes.The band of the elastic material may include an elastic woven material.The band of the elastic material may include a high friction material ona surface contacting the monitoring device when the clasp is in thefirst position. The monitoring device may include a spring bar withprotruding surfaces to retain the clasp in the first position. The claspmay include a pair of arms extending from the first end of the clasp tothe second end of the clasp, the pair of arms securing the buckleagainst displacement along the second axis when the clasp is in thefirst position. The pair of arms may rotate away from the second end ofthe monitoring device when in the second position to permit linearmovement of the buckle along the second axis to decouple the buckle fromthe monitoring device. A circumferential tension along the band of theelastic material may secure the hook in a rotational orientation thatprevents decoupling of the hook from the cross member of the clasp whenthe clasp is in the first position. The buckle may have a c-shaped crosssection along the second axis shaped and sized to couple to a partiallycylindrical surface on the second end of the monitoring device. Thec-shaped cross section may include a tooth shaped and sized to engage anindent in the second end of the monitoring device when the buckle isaligned for use along the second axis.

In an aspect, an adjustable band disclosed herein may include: a band ofan elastic material, the band having a first end and a second end; ahook affixed to the first end of the band; and a buckle coupled to thesecond end of the band, the buckle having a pair of arms forming ac-shaped cross section along an axis transverse to the band, each of thearms having a flange for engaging the buckle with a device under acircumferential tension on the band, the buckle including a fixtureproviding an overlapping path for adjustably securing the band in thebuckle to retain a length of the band of the elastic material betweenthe hook and the buckle under the circumferential tension on the band.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Theadjustable band may further include a clasp pivotally mounted to an endof the device on a first end of the clasp at a rotation axis, a secondend of the clasp rotatable between a first position and a secondposition. The band of the elastic material may include a high frictionmaterial on a surface contacting the device when the clasp is in thefirst position. The device may include a spring bar with protrudingsurfaces to retain the clasp in the first position. A circumferentialtension along the band of the elastic material may secure the hook in arotational orientation that prevents decoupling of the hook from a crossmember of the clasp when the clasp is in the first position. The band ofthe elastic material may include an elastic woven material. The hook mayinclude a crimp permitting the hook to fold with a low profile and lieflush with the band. The fixture may include two adjacent slits alongthe overlapping path. The pair of arms may overlap ends of the bucklewhen in a closed position. The pair of arms may generally rotate awayfrom an end of the device when in an open position.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of thedevices, systems, and methods described herein will be apparent from thefollowing description of particular embodiments thereof, as illustratedin the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale,emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of thedevices, systems, and methods described herein. In the drawings, likereference numerals generally identify corresponding elements.

FIG. 1 illustrates front and back perspective views of a wearable systemconfigured as a bracelet including one or more straps.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a signal processing algorithm forgenerating a sequence of heart rates for every detected heartbeat thatmay be embodied in computer-executable instructions stored on one ormore non-transitory computer-readable media.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method of determining an intensityscore.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method by which a user may useintensity and recovery scores.

FIG. 5 illustrates a display of an intensity score index indicated in acircular graphic component with an exemplary current score of 19.0indicated.

FIG. 6 illustrates a display of a recovery score index indicated in acircular graphic component with a first threshold of 66% and a secondthreshold of 33% indicated.

FIG. 7A illustrates a recovery score graphic component with a recoveryscore and qualitative information corresponding to the recovery score.

FIG. 7B illustrates a recovery score graphic component with a recoveryscore and qualitative information corresponding to the recovery score.

FIG. 7C illustrates a recovery score graphic component with a recoveryscore and qualitative information corresponding to the recovery score.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a computing device that may be used herein.

FIG. 9 illustrates a physiological monitoring system.

FIG. 10 shows a modular physiological monitoring system.

FIG. 11 shows a modular physiological monitoring system.

FIG. 12 shows a pocket for a monitoring device.

FIG. 13 is a side view of the pocket of FIG. 12 without a monitoringdevice placed therein.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the pocket of FIG. 12 with a monitoringdevice placed therein.

FIG. 15 is a side view of the pocket of FIG. 12 with a monitoring deviceplaced therein.

FIG. 16 illustrates a layer-based fabrication process for a pocket.

FIG. 17 illustrates a physiological monitoring device.

FIG. 18 illustrates a wireless battery coupled to a physiologicalmonitoring device.

FIG. 19A illustrates a recharging battery aligned for coupling to amonitoring device.

FIG. 19B illustrates wings extending from the recharging battery forcoupling the recharging battery to a monitoring device.

FIG. 20 illustrates a draw path for a wireless battery to slidablyengage a monitoring device.

FIG. 21 is a top view of functional surfaces of a monitoring device thatslidably engage a wireless battery.

FIG. 22 shows a system including a wearable physiological monitor.

FIG. 23 shows a system including a wearable physiological monitor.

FIG. 24 shows a system including a wearable physiological monitor.

FIG. 25 shows a wearable physiological monitor with a strap.

FIG. 26 shows a smart garment system.

DESCRIPTION

The embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying figures, in which preferred embodimentsare shown. The foregoing may, however, be embodied in many differentforms and should not be construed as limited to the illustratedembodiments set forth herein. Rather, these illustrated embodiments areprovided so that this disclosure will convey the scope to those skilledin the art.

All documents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety. References to items in the singular should be understoodto include items in the plural, and vice versa, unless explicitly statedotherwise or clear from the text. Grammatical conjunctions are intendedto express any and all disjunctive and conjunctive combinations ofconjoined clauses, sentences, words, and the like, unless otherwisestated or clear from the context. Thus, the term “or” should generallybe understood to mean “and/or” and so forth.

Recitation of ranges of values herein are not intended to be limiting,referring instead individually to any and all values falling within therange, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value withinsuch a range is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. The words “about,” “approximately” or thelike, when accompanying a numerical value, are to be construed asindicating a deviation as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skillin the art to operate satisfactorily for an intended purpose. Similarly,words of approximation such as “approximately” or “substantially” whenused in reference to physical characteristics, should be understood tocontemplate a range of deviations that would be appreciated by one ofordinary skill in the art to operate satisfactorily for a correspondinguse, function, purpose, or the like. Ranges of values and/or numericvalues are provided herein as examples only, and do not constitute alimitation on the scope of the described embodiments. Where ranges ofvalues are provided, they are also intended to include each value withinthe range as if set forth individually, unless expressly stated to thecontrary. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language(“e.g.,” “such as,” or the like) provided herein, is intended merely tobetter describe the embodiments and does not pose a limitation on thescope of the embodiments. No language in the specification should beconstrued as indicating any unclaimed element as essential to thepractice of the embodiments.

In the following description, it is understood that terms such as“first,” “second,” “top,” “bottom,” “up,” “down,” “above,” “below,” andthe like, are words of convenience and are not to be construed aslimiting terms unless specifically stated to the contrary.

The term “user” as used herein, refers to any type of animal, human ornon-human, whose physiological information may be monitored using anexemplary wearable physiological monitoring system.

The term “continuous,” as used herein in connection with heart rate datacollection, refers to collection of heart rate data at a sufficientfrequency to enable detection of every heartbeat and also refers tocollection of heart rate data continuously throughout the day and night.

The term “computer-readable medium,” as used herein, refers to anon-transitory storage hardware, non-transitory storage device ornon-transitory computer system memory that may be accessed by acontroller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, a computational system,or a module of a computational system to encode thereoncomputer-executable instructions or software programs. The“computer-readable medium” may be accessed by a computational system ora module of a computational system to retrieve and/or execute thecomputer-executable instructions or software programs encoded on themedium. The non-transitory computer-readable media may include, but arenot limited to, one or more types of hardware memory, non-transitorytangible media (for example, one or more magnetic storage disks, one ormore optical disks, one or more USB flash drives), computer systemmemory or random access memory (such as, DRAM, SRAM, EDO RAM) and thelike.

I. Exemplary Wearable Physiological Measurement Systems

Exemplary embodiments provide wearable physiological measurementssystems that are configured to provide continuous measurement of heartrate. Exemplary systems are configured to be continuously wearable on anappendage, for example, a wrist or an ankle, and do not rely onelectrocardiography or chest straps in detection of heart rate. Theexemplary system includes one or more light emitters for emitting lightat one or more desired frequencies toward the user's skin, and one ormore light detectors for received light reflected from the user's skin.The light detectors may include a photo-resistor, a photo-transistor, aphoto-diode, and the like. As light from the light emitters (forexample, green light) pierces through the skin of the user, the blood'snatural absorbance or transmittance for the light provides fluctuationsin the photo-resistor readouts. These waves have the same frequency asthe user's pulse since increased absorbance or transmittance occurs onlywhen the blood flow has increased after a heartbeat. The system includesa processing module implemented in software, hardware, or a combinationthereof for processing the optical data received at the light detectorsand continuously determining the heart rate based on the optical data.The optical data may be combined with data from one or more motionsensors, e.g., accelerometers and/or gyroscopes, to minimize oreliminate noise in the heart rate signal caused by motion or otherartifacts (or with other optical data of another wavelength).

FIG. 1 illustrates front and back perspective views of one embodiment ofa wearable system configured as a bracelet 100 including one or morestraps 102. The bracelet 100 may be sleek and lightweight, therebymaking it appropriate for continuous wear. The bracelet 100 may or maynot include a display screen, e.g., user interface 106 such as a lightemitting diode (LED) display for displaying any desired data (e.g.,instantaneous heart rate).

As shown in the non-limiting embodiment in FIG. 1, the strap 102 of thebracelet 100 may have a wider side and a narrower side. In oneembodiment, a user may simply insert the narrower side into the thickerside and squeeze the two together until the strap 102 is tight aroundthe wrist. To remove the strap 102, a user may push the strap 102further inwards, which unlocks the strap 102 and allows it to bereleased from the wrist. In other embodiments, various other fasteningmeans may be provided. For example, the fastening mechanism may include,without limitation, a clasp, clamp, clip, dock, friction fit, hook andloop, latch, lock, pin, screw, slider, snap, button, spring, yoke, andso on.

In some embodiments, the strap 102 of the bracelet 100 may be a slimelastic band formed of any suitable elastic material, for example,rubber. Certain embodiments of the wearable system may be configured tohave one size that fits all. Other embodiments may provide the abilityto adjust for different wrist sizes. In one aspect, a combination ofconstant module strap material, a spring-loaded, floating optical systemand a silicon-rubber finish may be used to achieve coupling whilemaintaining the strap's comfort for continuous use. Use of medical-gradematerials to avoid skin irritations may be utilized.

As shown in FIG. 1, the wearable system (e.g., the bracelet 100) mayinclude components configured to provide various functions such as datacollection and streaming functions of the system. In some embodiments,the wearable system may include a button underneath the wearable system.In some embodiments, the button may be configured such that, when thewearable system is properly tightened to one's wrist, the button maypress down and activate the system to begin storing information. Inother embodiments, the button may be disposed and configured such thatit may be pressed manually at the discretion of a user to begin storinginformation or otherwise to mark the start or end of an activity period.In some embodiments, the button may be held to initiate a time stamp andheld again to end a time stamp, which may be transmitted, directly orthrough a mobile communication device application, to a website as atime stamp.

The wearable system may include a heart rate monitor. The wearablesystem may be configured such that, when a user wears it around theirwrist and tightens it, the sensor portion of the wearable system issecured over the user's radial artery or other blood vessel. Secureconnection and placement of the pulse sensor over the radial artery orother blood vessel may allow measurement of heart rate and pulse. Itwill be understood that this configuration is provided by way of exampleonly, and that other sensors, sensor positions, and monitoringtechniques may also or instead be employed without departing from thescope of this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the pulse or heart rate may be taken using anoptical sensor coupled with one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs),all directly in contact with the user's wrist. The LEDs are provided ina suitable position from which light can be emitted into the user'sskin. In one example, the LEDs mounted on a side or top surface of acircuit board in the system to prevent heat buildup on the LEDs and toprevent burns on the skin. The circuit board may be designed with theintent of dissipating heat, e.g., by including thick conductive layers,exposed copper, heatsink, or similar. In one aspect, the pulserepetition frequency is such that the amount of power thermallydissipated by the LED is negligible.

In some embodiments, the wearable system may be configured to recordother physiological parameters including, but not limited to, skintemperature (using a thermometer), galvanic skin response (using agalvanic skin response sensor), motion (using one or more multi-axesaccelerometers and/or gyroscope), and the like, and environmental orcontextual parameters, e.g., ambient temperature, humidity, time of day,and the like. In an implementation, sensors are used to provide at leastone of continuous motion detection, environmental temperature sensing,electrodermal activity (EDA) sensing, galvanic skin response (GSR)sensing, and the like. In this manner, an implementation can identifythe cause of a detected physiological event. ReflectancePhotoPlethysmoGraphy (RPPG) may be used for the detection of cardiacactivity, which may provide for non-intrusive data collection, usabilityin wet, dusty, and otherwise harsh environments, and low powerrequirements. For example, as explained herein, using the physiologicalreadouts of the device and the analytics described herein, an “IntensityScore” (e.g., 0-21) (e.g., that measures a user's recent exertion), a“Recovery Score” (e.g., 0-100%), and “Sleep Score” (e.g., 0-100) maytogether measure readiness for physical and psychological exertion.

The wearable system may include one or more sources of battery life,e.g., two or more batteries. In some embodiments, it may have a batterythat can slip onto and off of the head of the wearable system and can berecharged using an accessory. Additionally, the wearable system may havea built-in battery that is less powerful. When the more powerful batteryis being charged, the user does not need to remove the wearable systemand can still record data (during sleep, for example) using the built-inbattery. The wearable system may perform numerous related functions,such as automatically detecting when the user is asleep, awake but atrest and exercising based on physiological data collected by the system.

The strap 102 of a physiological measurement system may be provided witha set of components that enables continuous monitoring of at least aheart rate of the user so that it is independent and fullyself-sufficient in continuously monitoring the heart rate withoutrequiring the modular head portion 104. In one embodiment, the strap 102includes a plurality of light emitters for emitting light toward theuser's skin, a plurality of light detectors for receiving lightreflected from the user's skin, an electronic circuit board comprising aplurality of electronic components configured for analyzing datacorresponding to the reflected light to automatically and continuallydetermine a heart rate of the user, and a first set of one or morebatteries for supplying electrical power to the light emitters, thelight detectors and the electronic circuit board. In some embodiments,the strap 102 may also detect one or more other physiologicalcharacteristics of the user including, but not limited to, temperature,galvanic skin response, and the like. The strap may include one or moreslots for permanently or removably coupling batteries to the strap 102.

Certain exemplary systems may be configured to be coupled to any desiredpart of a user's body so that the system may be moved from one portionof the body (e.g., wrist) to another portion of the body (e.g., ankle)without affecting its function and operation. An exemplary system mayinclude an electronic circuit board comprising a plurality of electroniccomponents configured for analyzing data corresponding to the reflectedlight to automatically and continually determine a heart rate of theuser. The electronic circuit board may implement a processing moduleconfigured to detect an identity of a portion of the user's body, forexample, an appendage like a wrist or an ankle, to which the strap iscoupled based on one or more signals associated with the heart rate ofthe user, and based on the identity of the appendage, may adjust dataanalysis of the reflected light to determine the heart rate of the user.

In one embodiment, the identity of the portion of the user's body towhich the wearable system is attached may be determined based on one ormore parameters including, but not limited to, absorbance level of lightas returned from the user's skin, reflectance level of light as returnedfrom the user's skin, motion sensor data (e.g., accelerometer and/orgyroscope), altitude of the wearable system, and the like.

In some embodiments, the processing module may be configured todetermine that the wearable system has been taken off from the user'sbody. In one example, the processing module may determine that thewearable system has been taken off if data from the galvanic skinresponse sensor indicates data atypical of a user's skin. If thewearable system is determined to be taken off from the user's body, theprocessing module may be configured to deactivate the light emitters andthe light detectors and cease monitoring of the heart rate of the userto conserve power.

Exemplary systems include a processing module configured to filter theraw photoplethysmography data received from the light detectors tominimize contributions due to motion, and subsequently process thefiltered data to detect peaks in the data that correspond with heartbeats of a user. The overall algorithm for detecting heart beats maytake as input the analog signals from optical sensors (mV) andaccelerometer, and may output an implied beats per minute (heart rate)of the signal accurate within a few beats per minute as that determinedby an electrocardiography machine even during motion.

In one aspect, using multiple LEDs with different wavelengths reactingto movement in different ways may allow for signal recovery withstandard signal processing techniques. The availability of accelerometerinformation may also be used to compensate for coarse movement signalcorruption. In order to increase the range of movements that thealgorithm can successfully filter out, an aspect may utilize techniquesthat augment the algorithm already in place. For example, filteringviolent movements of the arm during very short periods of time, such asboxing as exercising, may be utilized by the system. By selectivesampling and interpolating over these impulses, an aspect may accountfor more extreme cases of motion. Additionally, an investigation intodifferent LED wavelengths, intensities, and configurations may allow thesystems described herein to extract a signal across a wide spectrum ofskin types and wrist sizes. In other words, motion filtering algorithmsand signal processing techniques may assist in mitigating the riskcaused by movement.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary signal processingalgorithm for generating a sequence of heart rates for every detectedheartbeat that is embodied in computer-executable instructions stored onone or more non-transitory computer-readable media. In step 202, lightemitters of a wearable physiological measurement system may emit lighttoward a user's skin. In step 204, light reflected from the user's skinmay be detected at the light detectors in the system. In step 206,signals or data associated with the reflected light may be pre-processedusing any suitable technique to facilitate detection of heart beats. Instep 208, a processing module of the system may execute one or morecomputer-executable instructions associated with a peak detectionalgorithm to process data corresponding to the reflected light to detecta plurality of peaks associated with a plurality of beats of the user'sheart. In step 210, the processing module may determine an RR intervalbased on the plurality of peaks detected by the peak detectionalgorithm. In step 212, the processing module may determine a confidencelevel associated with the RR interval.

Based on the confidence level associated with the RR interval estimate,the processing module may select either the peak detection algorithm ora frequency analysis algorithm to process data corresponding to thereflected light to determine the sequence of instantaneous heart ratesof the user. The frequency analysis algorithm may process the datacorresponding to the reflected light based on the motion of the userdetected using, for example, an accelerometer. The processing module mayselect the peak detection algorithm or the frequency analysis algorithmregardless of a motion status of the user. It is advantageous to use theconfidence in the estimate in deciding whether to switch tofrequency-based methods as certain frequency-based approaches are unableto obtain accurate RR intervals for heart rate variability analysis.Therefore, an implementation maintains the ability to obtain the RRintervals for as long as possible, even in the case of motion, therebymaximizing the information that can be extracted.

For example, in step 214, it may be determined whether the confidencelevel associated with the RR interval is above (or equal to or above) athreshold. In certain embodiments, the threshold may be predefined, forexample, about 50%-90% in some embodiments and about 80% in onenon-limiting embodiment. In other embodiments, the threshold may beadaptive, i.e., the threshold may be dynamically and automaticallydetermined based on previous confidence levels. For example, if one ormore previous confidence levels were high in value (i.e., above acertain level), the system may determine that a present confidence levelthat is relatively low compared to the previous levels is indicative ofa less reliable signal. In this case, the threshold may be dynamicallyadjusted to be higher so that a frequency-based analysis method may beselected to process the less reliable signal.

If the confidence level is above (or equal to or above) the threshold,in step 216, the processing module may use the plurality of peaks todetermine an instantaneous heart rate of the user. On the other hand, instep 220, based on a determination that the confidence level associatedwith the RR interval is equal to or below the predetermined threshold,the processing module may execute one or more computer-executableinstructions associated with the frequency analysis algorithm todetermine an instantaneous heart rate of the user. The confidencethreshold may be dynamically set based on previous confidence levels.

In some embodiments, in steps 218 or 222, the processing module maydetermine a heart rate variability of the user based on the sequence ofthe instantaneous heart rates/beats.

The system may include a display device configured to render a userinterface for displaying the sequence of the instantaneous heart ratesof the user, the RR intervals and/or the heart rate variabilitydetermined by the processing module. The system may include a storagedevice configured to store the sequence of the instantaneous heartrates, the RR intervals and/or the heart rate variability determined bythe processing module.

In one aspect, the system may switch between different analyticaltechniques for determining a heart rate such as a statistical techniquefor detecting a heart rate and a frequency domain technique fordetecting a heart rate. These two different modes have differentadvantages in terms of accuracy, processing efficiency, and informationcontent, and as such may be useful at different times and underdifferent conditions. Rather than selecting one such mode or techniqueas an attempted optimization, the system may usefully switch back andforth between these differing techniques, or other analyticaltechniques, using a predetermined criterion. For example, wherestatistical techniques are used, a confidence level may be determinedand used as a threshold for switching to an alternative technique suchas a frequency domain technique. The threshold may also or insteaddepend on historical, subjective, and/or adapted data for a particularuser. For example, selection of a threshold may depend on data for aparticular user including without limitation subjective informationabout how a heart rate for a particular user responds to stress,exercise, and so forth. Similarly, the threshold may adapt to changes infitness of a user, context provided from other sensors of the wearablesystem, signal noise, and so forth.

An exemplary statistical technique may employ probabilistic peakdetection. In this technique, a discrete probabilistic step may be set,and a likelihood function may be established as a mixture of a Gaussianrandom variable and a uniform. The heart of the likelihood functionencodes the assumption that with a first probability (p) the peakdetection algorithm has produced a reasonable initial estimate, but witha second probability (1−p) it has not. In a subsequent step, Bayes' ruleis applied to determine the posterior density on the parameter space, ofwhich the maximum is taken (that is, the argument (parameter) thatmaximizes the posterior distribution). This value is the estimate forthe heart rate. In a subsequent step, the previous two steps may bereapplied for the rest of the sample. There is some variance in thesignal due to process noise, which is dependent on the length of theinterval. This process noise may become the variance in the Gaussiansused for the likelihood function. Then, the estimate may be obtained asthe maximum a posteriori on the new posterior distribution. A confidencevalue may be recorded for the estimate which, for some precisionmeasurement, the posterior value may be summed at points in theparameter space centered at our estimate+/−the precision.

The beats per minute (BPM) parameter space, θ, may range between about20 and about 240, corresponding to the empirical bounds on human heartrates. In an exemplary method, a probability distribution may becalculated over this parameter space, at each step declaring the mode ofthe distribution to be the heart rate estimate. A discrete uniform priormay be set:

π₁ ∼ DiscUnif(θ)

The un-normalized, univariate likelihood is defined by a mixture of aGaussian function and a uniform:

l₁ ∼ IG + (1 − I)U, G ∼ N(γ₁σ²), I ∼ Ber(p) where U ∼ DiscUnif(θ)

and where σ and p are predetermined constants.

Bayes' rule may be applied to determine the posterior density on θ, forexample, by component-wise multiplying the prior density vector(π₁(θ))_(θ∈θ) with the likelihood vector (l₁ (θ))_(θ∈θ) to obtain theposterior distribution η₁. Then, the following is set:

β₁ = argmax_(θ ∈ θ)η₁(θ)

For k≥2, the variance in signal S(t) due to process noise may bedetermined. Then, the following variable may be set to imbue temporallylong RR intervals with more process/interpeak noise and set thepost-normalization convolution:

π_(k) = η_(k − 1) * f_(N(o, λ_(k)²)❘θ)

where ƒ is a density function of the following:

Z ∼ N(o, λ_(k)²)

Then, the following expressions may be calculated:

l_(k) ∼ pG_(k) + (1 − p)U, G_(k) ∼ N(λ k, σ²)

The expression may then be normalized and recorded:

β_(k) = argmax_(θ ∈ θ)η_(k)(θ)

Finally, the confidence level of the above expression for a particularprecision threshold may be determined:

$C_{k} = {\sum\limits_{\theta \in {{\lbrack{{\beta_{k} - e_{1}},{\beta_{k} + e}}\rbrack}\bigcap\theta}}{\eta_{k}.}}$

An exemplary frequency analysis algorithm used in an implementation mayisolate the highest frequency components of the optical data, check forharmonics common in both the accelerometer data and the optical data,and perform filtering of the optical data. The algorithm may take asinput raw analog signals from the accelerometer (3-axis) and pulsesensors, and output heart rate values or beats per minute (BPM) for agiven period of time related to the window of the spectrogram.

The isolation of the highest frequency components may be performed in aplurality of stages, gradually winnowing the window-sizes ofconsideration, thereby narrowing the range of errors. In oneimplementation, a spectrogram of 2{circumflex over ( )}15 samples withoverlap 2{circumflex over ( )}13 samples of the optical data may begenerated. The spectrogram may be restricted to frequencies in whichheart rate can lie. These restriction boundaries may be updated whensmaller window sizes are considered. The frequency estimate may beextracted from the spectrogram by identifying the most prominentfrequency component of the spectrogram for the optical data. Thefrequency may be extracted using the following exemplary steps. The mostprominent frequency of the spectrogram may first be identified in thesignal. It may be determined whether the frequency estimate is aharmonic of the true frequency. The frequency estimate may then bereplaced with the true frequency if the estimate is a harmonic of thetrue frequency. It may be determined if the current frequency estimateis a harmonic of the motion sensor data. The frequency estimate may thenbe replaced with a previous temporal estimate if it is a harmonic of themotion sensor data. The upper and lower bounds on the frequency obtainedmay be saved. A constant value may be added or subtracted in some cases.In subsequent steps, the constant added or subtracted may finally bereduced to provide narrower searches. Any number of the previous stepsmay be repeated one or more times, e.g., three times, except taking2{circumflex over ( )}{15−i} samples for the window size and2{circumflex over ( )}{13−i} for the overlap in the spectrogram where iis the current number of iterations. The final output may be the averageof the final symmetric endpoints of the frequency estimation.

The table below demonstrates the performance of the algorithm disclosedherein. To arrive at the results below, experiments were conducted inwhich a subject wore an exemplary wearable physiological measurementsystem and a 3-lead ECG which were both wired to the samemicrocontroller (e.g., Arduino) to provide time-synced data.Approximately 50 data sets were analyzed, which included the subjectstanding still, walking, and running on a treadmill.

Clean data error Noisy data error (mean, std) in BPM (mean, std) in BPM4-level spectrogram 0.2, 2.3 0.8, 5.1 (80 second blocks)

Table 1: Performance of Signal Processing Algorithm Disclosed Herein

The algorithm's performance comes from a combination of a probabilisticand frequency based approach. The three difficulties in creatingalgorithms for heart rate calculations from the PPG data are 1) falsedetections of beats, 2) missed detections of real beats, and 3) errorsin the precise timing of the beat detection. The algorithms disclosedherein provide improvements in these three sources of error and, in somecases, the error is bound to within 2 BPM of ECG values at all timeseven during the most motion intense activities.

The exemplary wearable system may compute heart rate variability (HRV)to obtain an understanding of the recovery status of the body. Thesevalues may be captured right before a user awakes or when the user isnot moving, in both cases photoplethysmography (PPG) variabilityyielding equivalence to the ECG HRV. HRV is traditionally measured usingan ECG machine and obtaining a time series of R-R intervals. Because anexemplary wearable system utilizes photoplethysmography (PPG), it doesnot obtain the electric signature from the heart beats; instead, thepeaks in the obtained signal may correspond to arterial blood volume. Atrest, these peaks may be directly correlated with cardiac cycles, whichenables the calculation of HRV via analyzing peak-to-peak intervals (thePPG analog of RR intervals). It has been demonstrated that thesepeak-to-peak intervals, the “PPG variability,” are identical to the ECGHRV while at rest.

Exemplary physiological measurement systems may be configured tominimize power consumption so that the systems may be worn continuouslywithout requiring power recharging at frequent intervals. The majorityof current draw in an exemplary system may be allocated to power thelight emitters, e.g., LEDs, the wireless transceiver, themicrocontroller, and peripherals. In one embodiment, the circuit boardof the system may include a boost converter that runs a current of about10 mA through each of the light emitters with an efficiency of about 80%and may draw power directly from the batteries at substantially constantpower. With exemplary batteries at about 3.7 V, the current draw fromthe battery may be about 40 mW. In some embodiments, the wirelesstransceiver may draw about 10-20 mA of current when it is activelytransferring data. In some embodiments, the microcontroller andperipherals may draw about 5 mA of current.

An exemplary system may include a processing module that is configuredto automatically adjust one or more operational characteristics of thelight emitters and/or the light detectors to minimize power consumptionwhile ensuring that all heart beats of the user are reliably andcontinuously detected. The operational characteristics may include, butare not limited to, a frequency of light emitted by the light emitters,the number of light emitters activated, a duty cycle of the lightemitters, a brightness of the light emitters, a sampling rate of thelight detectors, and the like.

The processing module may adjust the operational characteristics basedon one or more signals or indicators obtained or derived from one ormore sensors in the system including, but not limited to, a motionstatus of the user, a sleep status of the user, historical informationon the user's physiological and/or habits, an environmental orcontextual condition (e.g., ambient light conditions), a physicalcharacteristic of the user (e.g., the optical characteristics of theuser's skin), and the like.

In one embodiment, the processing module may receive data on the motionof the user using, for example, an accelerometer. The processing modulemay process the motion data to determine a motion status of the userwhich indicates the level of motion of the user, for example, exercise,light motion (e.g., walking), no motion or rest, sleep, and the like.The processing module may then adjust the duty cycle of one or morelight emitters and the corresponding sampling rate of the one or morelight detectors based on the motion status. For example, upondetermining that the motion status indicates that the user is at a firsthigher level of motion, the processing module may activate the lightemitters at a first higher duty cycle and sample the reflected lightusing light detectors sampling at a first higher sampling rate. Upondetermining that the motion status indicates that the user is at asecond lower level of motion, the processing module may then activatethe light emitters at a second lower duty cycle and sample the reflectedlight using light detectors sampling at a second lower sampling rate.That is, the duty cycle of the light emitters and the correspondingsampling rate of the light detectors may be adjusted in a graduated orcontinuous manner based on the motion status or level of motion of theuser. This adjustment ensures that heart rate data is detected at asufficiently high frequency during motion to reliably detect all theheart beats of the user.

In non-limiting examples, the light emitters may be activated at a dutycycle ranging from about 1% to about 100%. In another example, the lightemitters may be activated at a duty cycle ranging from about 20% toabout 50% to minimize power consumption. Certain exemplary samplingrates of the light detectors may range from about 50 Hz to about 1000Hz, but are not limited to these exemplary rates. Certain non-limitingsampling rates are, for example, about 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 500 Hz, and thelike.

In one non-limiting example, the light detectors may sample continuouslywhen the user is performing an exercise routine so that the errorstandard deviation is kept within 5 beats per minute (BPM). When theuser is at rest, the light detectors may be activated for about a 1%duty cycle-10 milliseconds each second (i.e., 1% of the time) so thatthe error standard deviation is kept within 5 BPM (including an errorstandard deviation in the heart rate measurement of 2 BPM and an errorstandard deviation in the heart rate changes between measurement of 3BPM). When the user is in light motion (e.g., walking), the lightdetectors may be activated for about a 10% duty cycle-100 millisecondseach second (i.e., 10% of the time) so that the error standard deviationis kept within 6 BPM (including an error standard deviation in the heartrate measurement of 2 BPM and an error standard deviation in the heartrate changes between measurement of 4 BPM).

The processing module may adjust the brightness of one or more lightemitters by adjusting the current supplied to the light emitters. Forexample, a first level of brightness may be set by current rangingbetween about 1 mA to about 10 mA, but is not limited to this exemplaryrange. A second higher level of brightness may be set by current rangingfrom about 11 mA to about 30 mA, but is not limited to this exemplaryrange. A third higher level of brightness may be set by current rangingfrom about 80 mA to about 120 mA, but is not limited to this exemplaryrange. In one non-limiting example, first, second and third levels ofbrightness may be set by current of about 5 mA, about 20 mA and about100 mA, respectively.

Shorter-wavelength LEDs may require more power than is required by othertypes of heart rate sensors, such as, a piezo-sensor or an infraredsensor. Therefore, an exemplary wearable system may provide and use aunique combination of sensors—one or more light detectors for periodswhere motion is expected and one or more piezo and/or infrared sensorsfor low motion periods (e.g., sleep)—to save battery life. Certain otherembodiments of a wearable system may exclude piezo-sensors and/orinfrared sensors.

For example, upon determining that the motion status indicates that theuser is at a first higher level of motion (e.g., exercising), one ormore light emitters may be activated to emit light at a firstwavelength. Upon determining that the motion status indicates that theuser is at a second lower level of motion (e.g., at rest), non-lightbased sensors may be activated. The threshold levels of motion thattrigger adjustment of the type of sensor may be based on one or morefactors including, but are not limited to, skin properties, ambientlight conditions, and the like.

The system may determine the type of sensor to use at a given time basedon the level of motion (e.g., via an accelerometer) and whether the useris asleep (e.g., based on movement input, skin temperature and heartrate). Based on a combination of these factors the system mayselectively choose which type of sensor to use in monitoring the heartrate of the user. Common symptoms of being asleep are periods of nomovement or small bursts of movement (such as shifting in bed), lowerskin temperature (although it is not a dramatic drop from normal),drastic GSR changes, and heart rate that is below the typical restingheart rate when the user is awake. These variables depend on thephysiology of a person and thus a machine learning algorithm may betrained with user-specific input to determine when the user isawake/asleep and determine from that the exact parameters that cause thealgorithm to deem the user asleep.

In an exemplary configuration, the light detectors may be positioned onthe underside of the wearable system while all the heart rate sensorsmay be positioned adjacent to each other. For example, the low powersensor(s) may be adjacent to the high power sensor(s) as the sensors maybe chosen and placed where the strongest signal occurs. In one exampleconfiguration, a 3-axis accelerometer may be used that is located on thetop part of the wearable system.

In some embodiments, the processing module may be configured toautomatically adjust a rate at which data is transmitted by the wirelesstransmitter to minimize power consumption while ensuring that raw andprocessed data generated by the system is reliably transmitted toexternal computing devices. In one embodiment, the processing module maydetermine an amount of data to be transmitted (e.g., based on the amountof data generated since the time of the last data transmission), and mayselect the next data transmission time based on the amount of data to betransmitted. For example, if it is determined that the amount of dataexceeds (or is equal to or greater than) a threshold level, theprocessing module may transmit the data or may schedule a time fortransmitting the data. On the other hand, if it is determined that theamount of data does not exceed (or is equal to or lower than) thethreshold level, the processing module may postpone data transmission tominimize power consumption by the transmitter. In one non-limitingexample, the threshold may be set to the amount of data that may be sentin two seconds under current conditions. Exemplary data transmissionrates may range from about 50 kbytes per second to about 1 MByte persecond but are not limited to this exemplary range.

More generally, the above description contemplates a variety oftechniques for sensing conditions relating to heart rate monitoring orrelated physiological activity either directly (e.g., confidence levelsor accuracy of calculated heart rate) or indirectly (e.g., motiondetection, temperature). However measured, these sensed conditions maybe used to intelligently select from among a number of different modes,including hardware modes, software modes, and combinations of theforegoing, for monitoring heart rate based on, e.g., accuracy, powerusage, detected activity states, and so forth. Thus, there is disclosedherein techniques for selecting from among two or more different heartrate monitoring modes according to a sensed condition.

II. Exemplary Physiological Analytics System

Exemplary embodiments provide an analytics system for providingqualitative and quantitative monitoring of a user's body, health, andphysical training. The analytics system is implemented incomputer-executable instructions encoded on one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable media. The analytics system may rely on and usecontinuous data on one or more physiological parameters including, butnot limited to, heart rate. The continuous data used by the analyticssystem may be obtained or derived from an exemplary physiologicalmeasurement system disclosed herein, or may be obtained or derived froma derived source or system, for example, a database of physiologicaldata. In some embodiments, the analytics system may compute, store, anddisplay one or more indicators or scores relating to the user's body,health and physical training including, but not limited to, an intensityscore and a recovery score. The scores may be updated in real-time andcontinuously or at specific time periods, for example, the recoveryscore may be determined every morning upon waking up, the intensityscore may be determined in real-time or after a workout routine or foran entire day.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a fitness score may be automaticallydetermined based on the physiological data of two or more users ofexemplary wearable systems.

An intensity score or indicator may provide an accurate indication ofthe cardiovascular intensities experienced by the user during a portionof a day, during the entire day or during any desired period of time(e.g., during a week or month). The intensity score may be customizedand adapted for the unique physiological properties of the user and maytake into account, for example, the user's age, gender, anaerobicthreshold, resting heart rate, maximum heart rate, and the like. Ifdetermined for an exercise routine, the intensity score may provide anindication of the cardiovascular intensities experienced by the usercontinuously throughout the routine. If determined for a period ofincluding and beyond an exercise routine, the intensity score mayprovide an indication of the cardiovascular intensities experienced bythe user during the routine as well as the activities the user performedafter the routine (e.g., resting on the couch, active day of shopping)that may affect their recovery or exercise readiness.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method of determiningan intensity score. In exemplary embodiments, the intensity score may becalculated based on the user's heart rate reserve (HRR) as detectedcontinuously throughout the desired time period, for example, throughoutthe entire day. In one embodiment, the intensity score may be anintegral sum of the weighted HRR detected continuously throughout thedesired time period.

In step 302, continuous heart rate readings may be converted to HRRvalues. A time series of heart rate data used in step 302 may be denotedas:

H ∈ T

A time series of HRR measurements, v(t), may be defined in the followingexpression in which MHR is the maximum heart rate and RHR is the restingheart rate of the user:

${v(t)} = \frac{{H(t)} - {RHR}}{{MHR} - {RHR}}$

In step 304, the HRR values may be weighted according to a suitableweighting scheme. Cardiovascular intensity, indicated by an intensityscore, may be defined in the following expression in which w is aweighting function of the HRR measurements:

I(t_(o), t₁)∫_(t₀)^(t₁)w(v(t))dt

In step 306, the weighted time series of HRR values may be summed andnormalized.

I_(t) = ∫_(T)w(v(t))dt ≤ w(1)T

Thus, the weighted sum may be normalized to the unit interval, i.e., [0,1]:

$N_{T} = \frac{I_{T}}{{{w(1)} \cdot 24}\mspace{14mu}{hr}}$

In step 308, the summed and normalized values may be scaled to generateuser-friendly intensity score values. That is, the unit interval may betransformed to have any desired distribution in a scale (e.g., a scaleincluding 21 points from 0 to 21), for example, arctangent, sigmoid,sinusoidal, and the like. In certain distributions, the intensity valuesmay increase at a linear rate along the scale, and in others, at thehighest ranges the intensity values may increase at more than a linearrate to indicate that it is more difficult to climb in the scale towardthe extreme end of the scale. In some embodiments, the raw intensityscores may be scaled by fitting a curve to a selected group of“canonical” exercise routines that are predefined to have particularintensity scores.

In one embodiment, monotonic transformations of the unit interval may beachieved to transform the raw HRR values to user-friendly intensityscores. An exemplary scaling scheme, expressed as ƒ: [0, 1]→[0, 1], maybe performed using the following function:

$\left( {x,N,p} \right) = {0.5\left( {\frac{\arctan\left( {N\left( {x - p} \right)} \right)}{\pi\text{/}2} + 1} \right)}$

To generate an intensity score, the resulting value may be multiplied bya number based on the desired scale of the intensity score. For example,if the intensity score is graduated from zero to 21, then the value maybe multiplied by 21.

In step 310, the intensity score values may be stored on anon-transitory storage medium for retrieval, display and usage. In step312, the intensity score values may be, in some embodiments, displayedon a user interface rendered on a visual display device. The intensityscore values may be displayed as numbers and/or with the aid ofgraphical tools, e.g., a graphical display of the scale of intensityscores with current score, and the like. In some embodiments, theintensity score may be indicated by audio. In step 312, the intensityscore values may be, in some embodiments, displayed along with one ormore quantitative or qualitative pieces of information on the userincluding, but not limited to, whether the user has exceeded his/heranaerobic threshold, the heart rate zones experienced by the user duringan exercise routine, how difficult an exercise routine was in thecontext of the user's training, the user's perceived exertion during anexercise routine, whether the exercise regimen of the user should beautomatically adjusted (e.g., made easier if the intensity scores areconsistently high), whether the user is likely to experience sorenessthe next day and the level of expected soreness, characteristics of theexercise routine (e.g., how difficult it was for the user, whether theexercise was in bursts or activity, whether the exercise was tapering,etc.), and the like. In one embodiment, the analytics system mayautomatically generate, store, and display an exercise regimencustomized based on the intensity scores of the user.

Step 306 may use any of a number of exemplary static or dynamicweighting schemes that enable the intensity score to be customized andadapted for the unique physiological properties of the user. In oneexemplary static weighting scheme, the weights applied to the HRR valuesmay be based on static models of a physiological process. The human bodyemploys different sources of energy with varying efficiencies andadvantages at different HRR levels. For example, at the anaerobicthreshold (AT), the body shifts to anaerobic respiration in which thecells produce two adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules per glucosemolecule, as opposed to 36 at lower HRR levels. At even higher HRRlevels, there is a further subsequent threshold (CPT) at which creatinetriphosphate (CTP) is employed for respiration with even lessefficiency.

In order to account for the differing levels of cardiovascular exertionand efficiency at the different HRR levels, in one embodiment, thepossible values of HRR may be divided into a plurality of categories,sections or levels (e.g., three) dependent on the efficiency of cellularrespiration at the respective categories. The HRR parameter range may bedivided in any suitable manner, such as, piecewise, includingpiecewise-linear, piecewise-exponential, and the like. An exemplarypiecewise-linear division of the HRR parameter range may enableweighting each category with strictly increasing values. This schemecaptures an accurate indication of the cardiovascular intensityexperienced by the user because it is more difficult to spend time athigher HRR values, which suggests that the weighting function shouldincrease at the increasing weight categories.

In one non-limiting example, the HRR parameter range may be considered arange from zero (0) to one (1) and divided into categories with strictlyincreasing weights. In one example, the HRR parameter range may bedivided into a first category of a zero HRR value and may assign thiscategory a weight of zero; a second category of HRR values fallingbetween zero (0) and the user's anaerobic threshold (AT) and may assignthis category a weight of one (1); a third category of HRR valuesfalling between the user's anaerobic threshold (AT) and a threshold atwhich the user's body employs creatine triphosphate for respiration(CPT) and may assign this category a weight of 18; and a fourth categoryof HRR values falling between the creatine triphosphate threshold (CPT)and one (1) and may assign this category a weight of 42, although othernumbers of HRR categories and different weight values are possible. Thatis, in this example, the weights are defined as:

${w(v)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}0 & {{\text{:}\mspace{14mu} v} = 0} \\1 & {{\text{:}\mspace{14mu} v} \in \left( {0,{AT}} \right\rbrack} \\18 & {{\text{:}\mspace{14mu} v} \in \left( {{AT},{CPT}} \right\rbrack} \\42 & {{\text{:}\mspace{14mu} v} \in \left( {{CPT},1} \right\rbrack}\end{matrix} \right.$

In another exemplary embodiment of the weighting scheme, the HRR timeseries may be weighted iteratively based on the intensity scoresdetermined thus far (e.g., the intensity score accrued thus far) and thepath taken by the HRR values to get to the present intensity score. Thepath may be detected automatically based on the historical HRR valuesand may indicate, for example, whether the user is performing highintensity interval training (during which the intensity scores arerapidly rising and falling), whether the user is taking long breaksbetween bursts of exercise (during which the intensity scores are risingafter longer periods), and the like. The path may then be used todynamically determine and adjust the weights applied to the HRR values.For example, in the case of high intensity interval training, theweights applied may be higher than in the case of a more traditionalexercise routine.

In another exemplary embodiment of the weighting scheme, a predictiveapproach may be used by modeling the weights or coefficients to be thecoefficient estimates of a logistic regression model. In this scheme, atraining data set may be obtained by continuously detecting the heartrate time series and other personal parameters of a group ofindividuals. The training data set may be used to train a machinelearning system to predict the cardiovascular intensities experienced bythe individuals based on the heart rate and other personal data. Thetrained system may model a regression in which the coefficient estimatescorrespond to the weights or coefficients of the weighting scheme. Inthe training phase, user input on perceived exertion and the intensityscores may be compared. The learning algorithm may also alter the weighsbased on the improving or declining health of a user as well as theirqualitative feedback. This yields a unique algorithm that incorporatesphysiology, qualitative feedback, and quantitative data. In determininga weighting scheme for a specific user, the trained machine learningsystem may be run by executing computer-executable instructions encodedon one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, and may thengenerate the coefficient estimates which are then used to weight theuser's HRR time series.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that two or more aspectsof any of the disclosed weighting schemes may be applied separately orin combination in an exemplary method for determining an intensityscore.

In one aspect, heart rate zones may quantify the intensity of workoutsby weighing and comparing different levels of heart activity aspercentages of maximum heart rate. Analysis of the amount of time anindividual spends training at a certain percentage of his/her MHR mayreveal his/her state of physical exertion during a workout. Thisintensity, developed from the heart rate zone analysis, motion, andactivity, may then indicate his/her need for rest and recovery after theworkout, e.g., to minimize delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) andprepare him/her for further activity. As discussed above, MHR, heartrate zones, time spent above the anaerobic threshold, and HRV in RSA(Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia) regions—as well as personal information(gender, age, height, weight, etc.) may be utilized in data processing.

A recovery score or indicator may provide an accurate indication of thelevel of recovery of a user's body and health after a period of physicalexertion. The human autonomic nervous system controls the involuntaryaspects of the body's physiology and is typically subdivided into twobranches: parasympathetic (deactivating) and sympathetic (activating).Heart rate variability (HRV), i.e., the fluctuation in inter-heartbeatinterval time, is a commonly studied result of the interplay betweenthese two competing branches. Parasympathetic activation reflects inputsfrom internal organs, causing a decrease in heart rate. Sympatheticactivation increases in response to stress, exercise, and disease,causing an increase in heart rate. For example, when high intensityexercise takes place, the sympathetic response to the exercise persistslong after the completion of the exercise. When high intensity exerciseis followed by insufficient recovery, this imbalance lasts typicallyuntil the next morning, resulting in a low morning HRV. This resultshould be taken as a warning sign as it indicates that theparasympathetic system was suppressed throughout the night. Whilesuppressed, normal repair and maintenance processes that ordinarilywould occur during sleep were suppressed as well. Suppression of thenormal repair and maintenance processes results in an unprepared statefor the next day, making subsequent exercise attempts more challenging.

The recovery score may be customized and adapted for the uniquephysiological properties of the user and may take into account, forexample, the user's heart rate variability (HRV), resting heart rate,sleep quality and recent physiological strain (indicated, in oneexample, by the intensity score of the user). In one exemplaryembodiment, the recovery score may be a weighted combination of theuser's heart rate variability (HRV), resting heart rate, sleep qualityindicated by a sleep score, and recent strain (indicated, in oneexample, by the intensity score of the user). In an exemplar, the sleepscore combined with performance readiness measures (such as, morningheart rate and morning heart rate variability) may provide a completeoverview of recovery to the user. By considering sleep and HRV alone orin combination, the user can understand how exercise-ready he/she iseach day and to understand how he/she arrived at the exercise-readinessscore each day, for example, whether a low exercise-readiness score is apredictor of poor recovery habits or an inappropriate training schedule.This insight aids the user in adjusting his/her daily activities,exercise regimen and sleeping schedule therefore obtain the most out ofhis/her training.

In some cases, the recovery score may take into account perceivedpsychological strain experienced by the user. In some cases, perceivedpsychological strain may be detected from user input via, for example, aquestionnaire on a mobile device or web application. In other cases,psychological strain may be determined automatically by detectingchanges in sympathetic activation based on one or more parametersincluding, but not limited to, heart rate variability, heart rate,galvanic skin response, and the like.

Regarding the user's HRV used in determining the recovery score,suitable techniques for analyzing HRV may include, but are not limitedto, time-domain methods, frequency-domain methods, geometric methods,and non-linear methods. In one embodiment, the HRV metric of theroot-mean-square of successive differences (RMSSD) of RR intervals maybe used. The analytics system may consider the magnitude of thedifferences between 7-day moving averages and 3-day moving averages ofthese readings for a given day. Other embodiments may use Poincaré Plotanalysis or other suitable metrics of HRV.

The recovery score algorithm may take into account RHR along withhistory of past intensity and recovery scores.

Regarding the user's resting heart rate, moving averages of the restingheart rate may be analyzed to determine significant deviations.Consideration of the moving averages is important since day-to-dayphysiological variation is quite large even in healthy individuals.Therefore, the analytics system may perform a smoothing operation todistinguish changes from normal fluctuations.

Although an inactive condition, sleep is a highly active recovery stateduring which a major portion of the physiological recovery process takesplace. Nonetheless, a small, yet significant, amount of recovery canoccur throughout the day by rehydration, macronutrient replacement,lactic acid removal, glycogen re-synthesis, growth hormone productionand a limited amount of musculoskeletal repair. In assessing the user'ssleep quality, the analytics system may generate a sleep score usingcontinuous data collected by an exemplary physiological measurementsystem regarding the user's heart rate, skin conductivity, ambienttemperature, and accelerometer/gyroscope data throughout the user'ssleep. Collection and use of these four streams of data enable anunderstanding of sleep previously only accessible through invasive anddisruptive over-night laboratory testing. For example, an increase inskin conductivity when ambient temperature is not increasing, thewearer's heart rate is low, and the accelerometer/gyroscope shows littlemotion, may indicate that the wearer has fallen asleep. The sleep scoreindicates and is a measure of sleep efficiency (how good the user'ssleep was) and sleep duration (if the user had sufficient sleep). Eachof these measures may be determined by a combination of physiologicalparameters, personal habits, and daily stress/strain (intensity) inputs.The actual data measuring the time spent in various stages of sleep maythen be combined with the wearer's recent daily history and alonger-term data set describing the wearer's personal habits to assessthe level of sleep sufficiency achieved by the user. The sleep score isdesigned to model sleep quality in the context of sleep duration andhistory. It thus takes advantage of the continuous monitoring nature ofthe exemplary physiological measurement systems disclosed herein byconsidering each sleep period in the context of biologically-determinedsleep needs, pattern-determined sleep needs and historically-determinedsleep debt.

The recovery and sleep score values may be stored on a non-transitorystorage medium for retrieval, display and usage. The recovery and/orsleep score values may be, in some embodiments, displayed on a userinterface rendered on a visual display device. The recovery and/or sleepscore values may be displayed as numbers and/or with the aid ofgraphical tools, e.g., a graphical display of the scale of recoveryscores with current score, and the like. In some embodiments, therecovery and/or sleep score may be indicated by audio. The recoveryscore values are, in some embodiments, displayed along with one or morequantitative or qualitative pieces of information on the user including,but not limited to, whether the user has recovered sufficiently, whatlevel of activity the user is prepared to perform, whether the user isprepared to perform an exercise routine a particular desired intensity,whether the user should rest and the duration of recommended rest,whether the exercise regimen of the user should be automaticallyadjusted (e.g., made easier if the recovery score is low), and the like.In one embodiment, the analytics system may automatically generate,store, and display an exercise regimen customized based on the recoveryscores of the user alone or in combination with the intensity scores.

As discussed above, the sleep performance metric may be based onparameters like the number of hours of sleep, sleep onset latency, andthe number of sleep disturbances. In this manner, the score may comparea tactical athlete's duration and quality of sleep in relation to thetactical athlete's evolving sleep need (e.g., a number of hours based onrecent strain, habitual sleep need, signs of sickness, and sleep debt).By way of example, a soldier may have a dynamically changing need forsleep, and it may be important to consider the total hours of sleep inrelation to the amount of sleep that may have been required. Byproviding an accurate sensor for sleep and sleep performance, an aspectmay evaluate sleep in the context of the overall day and lifestyle of aspecific user.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method by which a usermay use intensity and recovery scores. In step 402, the wearablephysiological measurement system may begin determining heart ratevariability (HRV) measurements based on continuous heart rate datacollected by an exemplary physiological measurement system. In somecases, it may take the collection of several days of heart rate data toobtain an accurate baseline for the HRV.

In step 404, the analytics system may generate and display intensityscore for an entire day or an exercise routine. In some cases, theanalytics system may display quantitative and/or qualitative informationcorresponding to the intensity score.

In step 406, in an exemplary embodiment, the analytics system mayautomatically generate or adjust an exercise routine or regimen based onthe user's actual intensity scores or desired intensity scores. Forexample, based on inputs of the user's actual intensity scores, adesired intensity score (that is higher than the actual intensityscores) and a first exercise routine currently performed by the user(e.g., walking), the analytics system may recommend a second differentexercise routine that is typically associated with higher intensityscores than the first exercise routine (e.g., running).

In step 408, at any given time during the day (e.g., every morning), theanalytics system may generate and display a recovery score. In somecases, the analytics system may display quantitative and/or qualitativeinformation corresponding to the intensity score. For example, in step410, in an exemplary embodiment, the analytics system may determine ifthe recovery is greater than (or equal to or greater than) a firstpredetermined threshold (e.g., about 60% to about 80% in some examples)that indicates that the user is recovered and is ready for exercise. Ifthis is the case, in step 412, the analytics system may indicate thatthe user is ready to perform an exercise routine at a desired intensityor that the user is ready to perform an exercise routine morechallenging than the past day's routine. Otherwise, in step 414, theanalytics system may determine if the recovery is lower than (or equalto or lower than) a second predetermined threshold (e.g., about 10% toabout 40% in some examples) that indicates that the user has notrecovered. If this is the case, in step 416, the analytics system mayindicate that the user should not exercise and should rest for anextended period. The analytics system may, in some cases, determine theduration of recommended rest. Otherwise, in step 418, the analyticssystem may indicate that the user may exercise according to his/herexercise regimen while being careful not to overexert him/herself. Thethresholds may then, in some cases, be adjusted based on a desiredintensity at which the user desires to exercise. For example, thethresholds may be increased for higher planned intensity scores.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary display of an intensity score indexindicated in a circular graphic component with an exemplary currentscore of 19.0 indicated. The graphic component may indicate a degree ofdifficulty of the exercise corresponding to the current score selectedfrom, for example, maximum all out, near maximal, very hard, hard,moderate, light, active, light active, no activity, asleep, and thelike. The display may indicate, for example, that the intensity scorecorresponds to a good and tapering exercise routine, that the user didnot overcome his anaerobic threshold and that the user will have littleto no soreness the next day.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary display of a recovery score indexindicated in a circular graphic component with a first threshold of 66%and a second threshold of 33% indicated.

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate the recovery score graphic component withexemplary recovery scores and qualitative information corresponding tothe recovery scores.

Optionally, in an exemplary embodiment, the analytics system mayautomatically generate or adjust an exercise routine or regimen based onthe user's actual recovery scores (e.g., to recommend lighter exercisefor days during which the user has not recovered sufficiently). Thisprocess may also use a combination of the intensity and recovery scores.

The analytics system may, in some embodiments, determine and display theintensity and/or recovery scores of a plurality of users in acomparative manner. This enables users to match exercise routines withothers based on comparisons among their intensity scores.

III. Exemplary Computing Devices

Various aspects and functions described herein may be implemented ashardware, software or a combination of hardware and software on one ormore computer systems. Exemplary computer systems that may be usedinclude, but are not limited to, personal computers, embedded computingsystems, network appliances, workstations, mainframes, networkedclients, servers, media servers, application servers, database servers,web servers, virtual servers, and the like. Other examples of computersystems that may be used include, but are not limited to, mobilecomputing devices, such as wearable devices, cellular phones andpersonal digital assistants, and network equipment, such as loadbalancers, routers, and switches.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an exemplary computing device 800 that maybe used in to perform any of the methods provided by exemplaryembodiments. The computing device may be configured as an embeddedsystem in the integrated circuit board(s) of a wearable physiologicalmeasurements system and/or as an external computing device that mayreceive data from a wearable physiological measurement system.

The computing device 800 includes one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable media for storing one or more computer-executableinstructions or software for implementing exemplary embodiments. Thenon-transitory computer-readable media may include, but are not limitedto, one or more types of hardware memory, non-transitory tangible media(for example, one or more magnetic storage disks, one or more opticaldisks, one or more USB flash drives), and the like. For example, memory806 included in the computing device 800 may store computer-readable andcomputer-executable instructions or software for implementing exemplaryembodiments. The computing device 800 also includes processor 802 andassociated core 804, and optionally, one or more additional processor(s)802′ and associated core(s) 804′ (for example, in the case of computersystems having multiple processors/cores), for executingcomputer-readable and computer-executable instructions or softwarestored in the memory 806 and other programs for controlling systemhardware. Processor 802 and processor(s) 802′ may each be a single coreprocessor or multiple core (804 and 804′) processor.

Virtualization may be employed in the computing device 800 so thatinfrastructure and resources in the computing device may be shareddynamically. A virtual machine 814 may be provided to handle a processrunning on multiple processors so that the process appears to be usingonly one computing resource rather than multiple computing resources.Multiple virtual machines may also be used with one processor.

Memory 806 may include a computer system memory or random access memory,such as DRAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, and the like. Memory 806 may include othertypes of memory as well, or combinations thereof.

A user may interact with the computing device 800 through a visualdisplay device 818, such as a computer monitor, which may display one ormore user interfaces 820 that may be provided in accordance withexemplary embodiments. The visual display device 818 may also displayother aspects, elements and/or information or data associated withexemplary embodiments, for example, views of databases, photos, and thelike. The computing device 800 may include other I/O devices forreceiving input from a user, for example, a keyboard or any suitablemulti-point touch interface 808, a pointing device 810 (e.g., a mouse).The keyboard 808 and the pointing device 810 may be coupled to thevisual display device 818. The computing device 800 may include othersuitable conventional I/O peripherals.

The computing device 800 may also include one or more storage devices824, such as a hard-drive, CD-ROM, or other computer readable media, forstoring data and computer-readable instructions and/or software thatimplement exemplary methods as taught herein. Exemplary storage device824 may also store one or more databases 826 for storing any suitableinformation required to implement exemplary embodiments. The databases826 may be updated by a user or automatically at any suitable time toadd, delete or update one or more items in the databases.

The computing device 800 may include a network interface 812 configuredto interface via one or more network devices 822 with one or morenetworks, for example, Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN)or the Internet through a variety of connections including, but notlimited to, standard telephone lines, LAN or WAN links (for example,802.11, T1, T3, 56 kb, X.25), broadband connections (for example, ISDN,Frame Relay, ATM), wireless connections, controller area network (CAN),or some combination of any or all of the above. The network interface812 may include a built-in network adapter, network interface card,PCMCIA network card, card bus network adapter, wireless network adapter,USB network adapter, modem, or any other device suitable for interfacingthe computing device 800 to any type of network capable of communicationand performing the operations described herein. Moreover, the computingdevice 800 may be any computer system, such as a workstation, desktopcomputer, server, laptop, handheld computer, tablet computer (e.g., theiPad® tablet computer), mobile computing or communication device (e.g.,the iPhone® communication device), or other form of computing ortelecommunications device that is capable of communication and that hassufficient processor power and memory capacity to perform the operationsdescribed herein.

The wearable physiological measurement system may record and transmit atleast the following types of data to an external computing system,mobile communication system or the Internet: raw continuously-detecteddata (e.g., heart rate data, movement data, galvanic skin response data)and processed data based on the raw data (e.g., RR intervals determinedfrom the heart rate data). Transmission modes may be wired (e.g., usingUSB stick inserted into a USB port on the system) or wireless (e.g.,using a wireless transmitter). The raw and processed data may betransmitted together or separately using different transmission modes.Since a raw data file is typically substantially larger than a processeddata file, the raw data file may be transmitted using WiFi or a USBstick, while the processed data file may be transmitted using Bluetooth.

An exemplary wearable system may include a 2G, 3G or 4G chip thatwirelessly uploads all data to the website disclosed herein withoutrequiring any other external device. A 3G or 4G chip may be usedpreferably as a 2G connection on a Nokia 5800 was found to transfer dataat a rate of 520 kbps using 1.69 W, while a 3G connection transferred at960 kbps using 1.73 W. Therefore, the 3G chip would use negligibly morepower for almost twice the transfer speed, thereby halving half thetransfer time and using much less energy from the battery.

In some cases, the wearable system may opportunistically transfer datawhen in close proximity to a streaming outlet. For example, the systemmay avoid data transmission when it is not within close proximity of astreaming outlet, and, when nearby a streaming outlet (e.g., a linkedphone), may send the data to the external device via Bluetooth and tothe Internet via the external device. This is both convenient and “free”in the sense that it utilizes existing cellular data plans.

Limiting the frequency with which data is streamed increases thewearable system's battery life. In one non-limiting example, the systemmay be set to stream automatically in the morning and following a timestamp. Regardless of the data transmission scheme, the system may storeall the data it collects. Data may also be streamed on demand by a user,for example, by turning a physical component on the system and holdingit or by initiating a process on the mobile application or receivingdevice. In some embodiments, the data frequency may be automaticallyadjusted based on one or more physiological parameters, e.g., heartrate. For example, higher heart rates may prompt more frequent andreal-time streaming transmission of data.

The computing device 800 may run any operating system 816, such as anyof the versions of the Microsoft® Windows® operating systems, thedifferent releases of the Unix and Linux operating systems, any versionof the MacOS® for Macintosh computers, any embedded operating system,any real-time operating system, any open source operating system, anyproprietary operating system, any operating systems for mobile computingdevices, or any other operating system capable of running on thecomputing device and performing the operations described herein. Inexemplary embodiments, the operating system 816 may be run in nativemode or emulated mode. In an exemplary embodiment, the operating system816 may be run on one or more cloud machine instances.

FIG. 9 illustrates a physiological monitoring system. More specifically,FIG. 9 illustrates a physiological monitoring system 900 that may beused with any of the methods or devices described herein. In general,the system 900 may include a physiological monitor 906, a user device920, a remote server 930 with a remote data processing resource (such asany of the processors or processing resources described herein), and oneor more other resources 950, all of which may be interconnected througha data network 902.

The data network 902 may be any of the data networks described herein.For example, the data network 902 may be any network(s) orinternetwork(s) suitable for communicating data and information amongparticipants in the system 900. This may include public networks such asthe Internet, private networks, telecommunications networks such as thePublic Switched Telephone Network or cellular networks using thirdgeneration (e.g., 3G or IMT-900), fourth generation (e.g., LTE (E-UTRA)or WiMAX-Advanced (IEEE 802.16m)), fifth generation (e.g., 5G), and/orother technologies, as well as any of a variety of corporate area orlocal area networks and other switches, routers, hubs, gateways, and thelike that might be used to carry data among participants in the system900. This may also include local or short range communications networkssuitable, e.g., for coupling the physiological monitor 906 to the userdevice 920, or otherwise communicating with local resources.

The physiological monitor 906 may, in general, be any physiologicalmonitoring device, such as any of the wearable monitors or othermonitoring devices described herein. Thus, the physiological monitor 906may generally be shaped and sized to be worn on a wrist or other bodylocation and retained in a desired orientation relative to the appendagewith a strap 910 or other attachment mechanism. The physiologicalmonitor 906 may include a wearable housing 911, a network interface 912,one or more sensors 914, one or more light sources 915, a processor 916,a haptic device 917 (and/or any other type of component suitable forproviding haptic or other sensory alerts to a user), a memory 918, and awearable strap 910 for retaining the physiological monitor 906 in adesired location on a user.

In general, the physiological monitor 906 may include a wearablephysiological monitor configured to acquire heart rate data and/or otherphysiological data from a wearer. More specifically, the wearablehousing 911 of the physiological monitor 906 may be configured such thata user can acquire heart rate data and/or other physiological data fromthe user in a substantially continuous manner. The wearable housing 911may be configured for cooperation with a strap 910 or the like, e.g.,for engagement with an appendage of a user.

The network interface 912 may be configured to coupled one or moreparticipants of the system 900 in a communicating relationship, e.g.,with the remote server 930, either directly, e.g., through a cellulardata connection or the like, or indirectly through a short rangewireless communications channel coupling the physiological monitor 906locally to a wireless access point, router, computer, laptop, tablet,cellular phone, or other device that can relay data from thephysiological monitor 906 to the remote server 930 as necessary orhelpful for acquiring and processing data.

The one or more sensors 914 may include any of the sensors describedherein, or any other sensors suitable for physiological monitoring. Byway of example and not limitation, the one or more sensors 914 mayinclude one or more of a light source, an optical sensor, anaccelerometer, a gyroscope, a temperature sensor, a galvanic skinresponse sensor, a capacitive sensor, a resistive sensor, anenvironmental sensor (e.g., for measuring ambient temperature, humidity,lighting, and the like), a geolocation sensor, a temporal sensor, anelectrodermal activity sensor, and the like. The one or more sensors 914may be disposed in the wearable housing 911, or otherwise positioned andconfigured for capture of data for physiological monitoring of a user.In one aspect, the one or more sensors 914 include a light detectorconfigured to provide data to the processor 916 for calculating a heartrate variability. The one or more sensors 914 may also or insteadinclude an accelerometer configured to provide data to the processor916, e.g., for detecting activities such as a sleep state, a restingstate, a waking event, exercise, and/or other user activity. In animplementation, the one or more sensors 914 measure a galvanic skinresponse of the user.

The processor 916 and memory 918 may be any of the processors andmemories described herein, and may be suitable for deployment in aphysiological monitoring device. In one aspect, the memory 918 may storephysiological data obtained by monitoring a user with the one or moresensors 914. The processor 916 may be configured to obtain heart ratedata from the user based on the data from the sensors 914. The processor916 may be further configured to assist in a determination of acondition of the user, such as whether the user has an infection orother condition of interest as described herein.

The one or more light sources 915 may be coupled to the wearable housing911 and controlled by the processor 916. At least one of the lightsources 915 may be directed toward the skin of a user's appendage. Lightfrom the light source 915 may be detected by the one or more sensors914.

The system 900 may further include a remote data processing resourceexecuting on a remote server 930. The remote data processing resourcemay be any of the processors described herein, and may be configured toreceive data transmitted from the memory 918 of the physiologicalmonitor 906, and to process the data to detect or infer physiologicalsignals of interest such as heart rate, heart rate variability,respiratory rate, pulse oxygen, blood pressure, and so forth. The remoteserver 930 may also or instead evaluate a condition of the user such asa recovery state, sleep quality, daily activity strain, and any healthconditions that might be detected based on such data.

The system 900 may also include one or more user devices 920, which maywork together with the physiological monitor 906, e.g., to provide adisplay for user data and analysis, and/or to provide a communicationsbridge from the network interface 912 of the physiological monitor 906to the data network 902 and the remote server 930. For example,physiological monitor 906 may communicate locally with a user device920, such as a smartphone of a user, via short-range communications,e.g., Bluetooth, or the like, e.g., for the exchange of data between thephysiological monitor 906 and the user device 920, and the user device920 may communicate with the remote server 930 via the data network 902.Computationally intensive processing, such as infection monitoring, maybe performed at the remote server 930, which may have greater memorycapabilities and processing power than the physiological monitor 906that acquires the data.

The user device 920 may include any computing device as describedherein, including without limitation a smartphone, a desktop computer, alaptop computer, a network computer, a tablet, a mobile device, aportable digital assistant, a cellular phone, a portable media orentertainment device, and so on. The user device 920 may provide a userinterface 922 for access to data and analysis by a user, and/or tocontrol operation of the physiological monitor 906. The user interface922 may be maintained by a locally-executing application on the userdevice 920, or the user interface 922 may be remotely served andpresented on the user device 920, e.g., from the remote server 930 orthe one or more other resources 950.

In general, the remote server 930 may include data storage, a networkinterface, and/or other processing circuitry. The remote server 930 mayprocess data from the physiological monitor 906 and perform infectionmonitoring/analyses or any of the other analyses described herein, andmay host a user interface for remote access to this data, e.g., from theuser device 920. The remote server 930 may include a web server or otherprogrammatic front end that facilitates web-based access by the userdevices 920 or the physiological monitor 906 to the capabilities of theremote server 930 or other components of the system 900.

The other resources 950 may include any resources that can be usefullyemployed in the devices, systems, and methods as described herein. Forexample, these other resources 950 may include without limitation otherdata networks, human actors (e.g., programmers, researchers, annotators,editors, analysts, and so forth), sensors (e.g., audio or visualsensors), data mining tools, computational tools, data monitoring tools,algorithms, and so forth. The other resources 950 may also or insteadinclude any other software or hardware resources that may be usefullyemployed in the networked applications as contemplated herein. Forexample, the other resources 950 may include payment processing serversor platforms used to authorize payment for access, content, oroption/feature purchases, or otherwise. In another aspect, the otherresources 950 may include certificate servers or other securityresources for third-party verification of identity, encryption ordecryption of data, and so forth. In another aspect, the other resources950 may include a desktop computer or the like co-located (e.g., on thesame local area network with, or directly coupled to through a serial orUSB cable) with a user device 920, wearable strap 910, or remote server930. In this case, the other resources 950 may provide supplementalfunctions for components of the system 900.

The other resources 950 may also or instead include one or more webservers that provide web-based access to and from any of the otherparticipants in the system 900. While depicted as a separate networkentity, it will be readily appreciated that the other resources 950(e.g., a web server) may also or instead be logically and/or physicallyassociated with one of the other devices described herein, and may forexample, include or provide a user interface 922 for web access to aremote server 930 or a database in a manner that permits userinteraction through the data network 902, e.g., from the physiologicalmonitor 906 or the user device 920, with processing and data resourcesof the remote server 930.

FIG. 10 shows a modular physiological monitoring system. In general, apocket 1002 for a monitoring device, such as any of the sensing devicesdescribed herein, may be integrated into an article of clothing 1004.The pocket 1002 may be adapted for use with a removable and replaceablephysiological monitoring device or the like, and may be configured tosecure the device in a desired position, e.g., for monitoring duringphysical activity, while facilitating removal and replacement of thedevice as needed.

Integration of a wearable physiological monitor with a garment, asdistinguished from a wristband, can provide numerous advantages.Wristbands (or ankle bands or the like) are typically constrained tocertain positions and orientations on specific body parts and may oftenbe inconvenient to wear or remove when a user is engaged in certainactivities. For example, a user engaged in boxing may be unable toaccess a wrist-worn device while wearing boxing gloves. A user may alsoor instead wish to free up space on ankles or wrists for aestheticreasons (e.g., to wear a bracelet or other fashion accessory) orfunctional reasons (e.g., to wear a watch or other wrist-worn device)from time to time, or to otherwise conceal a physiological monitor forsome period of time. Despite these advantages, alternative locationspresent numerous challenges including providing stable positioning,ensuring adequate contact force for high quality monitoring, and soforth. The garment-based pockets described herein advantageously addressthese challenges to support modular, garment-based physiologicalmonitoring while also providing a useful pathway for users to migratemonitoring devices as needed from a wrist to a concealed or otherwisemore convenient location.

It will be understood that the pocket 1002 may be structurallyconfigured for receiving a monitoring device therein, e.g., with only apredetermined portion of the monitoring device, a sensing region 1006,exposed through an opening (see the opening 1211 in FIG. 12) thatprovides a physical window for direct physical contact between amonitoring device and a user's body in a manner that facilitatesphysiological sensing. FIG. 10 shows the pocket 1002 with a monitoringdevice disposed therein, and the sensing region 1006 exposed through theopening 1211 so that the monitoring device can contact a user's skin inorder to capture a physiological signal from a corresponding location ona wearer of the article of clothing 1004. In some embodiments, a housingof the monitoring device may be configured as a wearable bracelet with adetachable strap in order to facilitate movement of the monitoringdevice between a wrist of the user and the garment as necessary ordesired. The monitoring device may include any of the devices describedherein, such as a wearable physiological monitoring device that usesphotoplethysmography (PPG), or more generally, any device configured tomonitor physiological data that might usefully be moved between a wristand another body location such as the torso, arm, leg, etc.

The article of clothing 1004 may be any article of clothing that mightbe worn by a user including athletic wear such as an athleticundergarment (e.g., a sports bra, underpants, compression garment, andso forth), as well as any other garment that can retain a monitoringdevice in contact with a user in a manner that permits sensing ofphysiological signals, e.g., as described herein. For example, whereshorts or a t-shirt include skin-tight regions such as a waist band orsleeves, the pocket 1002 may usefully be positioned at such a location.Other articles of clothing or accessories may also or instead be used,such as a wrist band, a sock, a shoe, a bicep band, a calf band, a chestband, a headband, pants, leggings, an undershirt, a sports pad, ahelmet, a hat, and so forth.

The pocket 1002 may generally secure the monitoring device in thearticle of clothing 1004 in a position to permit sensing and capture ofphysiological signals from a wearer of the article of clothing 1004. Inone aspect, the position may advantageously be located wherephysiological measurements can be easily captured (e.g., the wrist orbicep), and/or at a location where the article of clothing 1004 canimpart sufficient normal forces on the monitoring device in the pocket1002 to engage the monitoring device for physiological monitoring. Thismay include a location such as a waist band of underpants or an elastictorso band on a sports bra. The position of the pocket 1002 may also orinstead be located where the monitoring device would not interfere withor otherwise impede movement of a wearer and/or a physical activity ofthe wearer. For example, the pocket 1002 may be positioned on thewearer's chest while the wearing is cycling. In some embodiments, thepocket 1002 may be a permanent fixture on the article of clothing 1004.In such embodiments, the pocket 1002 may be designed with materialsdurable enough to withstand a wide range of wash cycles and weatherconditions without losing its original structure. Alternatively, thepocket 1002 may be removeable from the article of clothing 1004, andretained in a removable and replaceably manner on the article ofclothing using an attachment mechanism such hook-and-loop fasteners,adhesive tapes, zippers, snaps, buckles, cuff links, and the like.

An access port 1008 for the pocket 1002 may facilitate removal of themonitoring device from, and replacement of the monitoring device to, thepocket 1002. The access port 1008 may be positioned along an edge of thepocket 1002 and may be releasably sealed with a seal such as a zipper,snaps, hook-and-loop fasteners, or the like. In general, the access port1008 may be shaped and sized to receive the monitoring device. The sealof the access port 1008 may advantageously seal the pocket 1002 in amanner that applies a force on the monitoring device to urge themonitoring device into the pocket 1002 and to create tension andfrictional engagement within the pocket 1002 around the monitoringdevice so that the monitoring device retains a location within thegarment (and as a result, relative to the user's body). The seal may,for example, urge the monitoring device into the pocket to induce anelastic deformation within material of the pocket 1002 and securelyengage the monitoring device within the pocket 1002.

In one aspect, the access port 1008 is accessible through a firstsurface on an interior of the article of clothing 1004 when the articleof clothing 1004 is in use (e.g., on a wearer)—this configuration isshown for example in FIG. 10. This configuration may allow for a user toconceal the pocket 1002 in situations where inconspicuousness is valued.In another aspect, the access port 1008 is accessible through a secondsurface on an exterior of the article of clothing 1004 facing away froma wearer when the article of clothing 1004 is in use—this configurationis shown in FIG. 11. This placement facilitates user access withoutrequiring removal of the article of clothing 1004, although it mayproduce visible artifacts on other garments worn over the article ofclothing 1004. In another aspect, an access port 1008 may be included onboth the first surface and the second surface of the article of clothing1004, so as to allow easy swapping of the monitoring device from theinside or outside of the article of clothing 1004.

FIG. 12 shows a pocket 1202 for a monitoring device, such as any of thepockets described herein, except where specifically noted otherwise. Thepocket 1202 may be included on, in, or otherwise engaged with an articleof clothing as shown, for example, in FIG. 10.

A retaining ring 1208 may bound an interior surface of the pocket 1202.The retaining ring 1208 may be shaped to surround the perimeter of themonitoring device and may be raised above a surface of the article ofclothing to inhibit lateral movement of a bottom surface of themonitoring device along the surface of the article of clothing when themonitoring device is placed for use in the pocket 1202. That is, theretaining ring 1208 may form a wall around the monitoring device, whenplaced for use, to resist lateral movement. The retaining ring 1208 may,for example, be formed of a material such as neoprene or the like, andmay have a thickness of about 0.5 to about 1.5 millimeters or more toprovide a suitable sidewall for laterally retaining the monitoringdevice.

A window 1210 may be positioned along an interior region of the articleof clothing (e.g., the area contacting a wearer's skin) and facing atarget surface in order to expose the sensor(s) of a monitoring deviceto the target surface through an opening 1211 when the monitoring deviceis placed for use in the pocket 1202 and an accompanying garment isbeing worn. In this context, it will be understood that the “window”refers to the material bounding the window, and the “opening” refers tothe void space bounded by the window so that a monitoring device candirectly contact a user through the window. The window 1210 may beencircled by the retaining ring 1208 and protrude away from the interiorsurface bounded by retaining ring 1208. The window 1210 may be formed ofa relatively inelastic material so that the window 1210 maintains ashape to expose the sensor(s) of the monitoring device during use. Thewindow 1210 may also be sized smaller than a projection of themonitoring device (normal to a plane of the window) when the monitoringdevice is placed for use in order to prevent the window 1210 fromdeforming and permitting the monitoring device to physically passthrough the window 1210 and out of the pocket 1202 during use. In thiscontext, the phrase “relatively inelastic” should be understood to meangenerally less deformable or stretchable than other materials such asthe material for a garment, and/or sufficiently inelastic to preventdeformation that permits the monitoring device to pass through thewindow 1210 during use. Thus, in one aspect, the window 1210 may beformed of a sheet material that is substantially inelastic relative to amaterial of an interior of the pocket 1202, and/or a material of thearticle of clothing to which the pocket 1202 is attached. The sheetmaterial of the window 1210 may include any combination of elastomericor other materials suitable for retaining the monitoring device in thismanner. The window 1210 may thus generally include a border region(e.g., having the structural properties described above) defining anopening 1211 to expose the sensing region 1006 of the monitoring deviceduring use. The opening 1211 may be completely open in some aspects, andin other aspects, the opening 1211 may be covered by a material throughwhich the sensing region 1006 can still function (e.g., a clear materialallowing light to pass through such as glass or plastic), or may bepartially covered by an open mesh or the like that permits directcontact between the monitoring device and the skin while generallyretaining the sensing region of the monitoring device within the pocket.

While the window 1210 may generally provide an opening for directcontact between sensors and a target surface such as the skin, and theforegoing description emphasizes this type of window as useful forphotoplethysmography or similar optical sensing, it will be understoodthat the window may more generally be any arrangement that permitsfunctional engagement between one or more sensors and the targetsurface. Thus, for example, where the sensors are optical sensors, theopening in the window 1210 may include or be filled with an opticallyclear material such as a sheet of plastic or the like, or any othermaterial that otherwise fills the window while permitting opticalsensing of a surface on one side of the window 1210 by a sensor systemon the other side of the window 1210. Similarly, where the sensorsinclude electrical sensors such as muscle activity sensors, the window1210 may border a conductive pad or the like that permits a detection ofelectrical signals originating on one side of the window 1210 by sensorson the other side of the window 1210 (and/or the sourcing of electricalsignals from one side of the window 1210 into a target surface on theother side of the window 1210, e.g., where the sensor system uses anelectrical stimulus for sensing or imaging). As another example, wherethe sensor system includes acoustic sensing systems, the window 1210 mayborder a material that mechanically couples the sensor system on oneside of the window 1210 with a target surface on the other side of thewindow 1210. In this latter example, the mechanical coupling ispreferably with a material and in a configuration that mitigates orprevents signal attenuation through the window 1210, i.e., thattransmits mechanical signals through the window 1210 with minimal loss.More generally, the window 1210 may provide any suitable medium forfunctionally engaging a sensor system on one side of the window 1210with a target surface on the other side of the window 1210.

FIG. 13 is a side view of the pocket 1202 of FIG. 12 without amonitoring device placed therein. In the absence of a monitoring deviceor other insert, the pocket 1202 may reside in a collapsed state suchthe thickness of the pocket 1202 is 10 mm or less, e.g., as an elasticfabric coupling the retaining ring 1208 to the window 1210 relaxes anddraws the window against a substrate for the pocket 1202. The window1210 may lie flat against an interior surface of the pocket 1202 suchthat the window 1210 lies on a plane of the access port 1008. Thisrelatively flat configuration may improve user comfort when wearing thegarment without a monitoring device, e.g., in a manner similar to othergarments that include no such pockets 1202. That is, the pocket 1202 ina flattened state may be structurally configured to be relativelyinconspicuous or unnoticeable, and/or to not interfere with the comfortand/or movement of the wearer of a garment that includes the pocket1202.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the pocket 1202 of FIG. 12 with amonitoring device placed therein. In general, an elastic material of thepocket 1202 may expand in thickness to accommodate the monitoringdevice. After expanding, the pocket 1202 may, for example, have amaximum thickness of about 20 mm or less. When the pocket 1202 is in anoccupied state, the window 1210 may lie on a plane parallel to butseparate from a plane of the access port 1008. For example, the window1210 may be at a vertical extremity of the pocket 1202 (in the upwarddirection, in FIG. 15), e.g., to facilitate placement of sensors for themonitoring device in contact with a user's skin through the window 1210,whereas the access port 1008 may be at a lower vertical position, andmay more specifically be placed at or near a height of the retainingring 1208 or an underlying substrate such as the fabric or elastic bandof a garment. A top surface 1402 of the monitoring device may be at orabove a height of the window 1210. The top surface 1402 may contain oneor more sensors 1404 (e.g., one or more photoplethysmography sensors)exposed through an opening in the window 1210 and configured to monitorphysiological data at a target surface such as a wearer's skin.

FIG. 15 is a side view of the pocket 1202 of FIG. 12 with a monitoringdevice placed therein. As shown in FIG. 15, the retaining ring 1208 mayrest near an article of clothing 1004 that provides a substrate for thepocket 1202, and the window 1210 may be displaced away from the articleof clothing 1004 (and the retaining ring 1208, which may be affixed tothe article of clothing 1004) when the monitoring device is inserted inthe pocket 1202. The access port 1008 may generally urge the monitoringdevice into the pocket 1202 when closed, as indicated by an arrow 1512so that the elastic materials of the pocket 1202 create tensionretaining the monitoring device inside. A bottom surface 1514 of themonitoring device may rest on an interior surface 1520 of the pocket1202 surrounded by the retaining ring 1208. The sensing region 1006 ofthe monitoring device may face towards a target surface 1516, with thesensing region 1006 in direct contact with the target surface 1516 whenthe monitoring device is in the pocket 1202 and the garment is worn by auser. The target surface 1516 may be a surface of any body part on whichphysiological data can be measured, such as a wrist, an arm, a leg,chest, torso, or the like.

The retaining ring 1208 and the window 1210 may be coupled by a wall1518 with a relatively high elasticity in order to elastically yield andpermit separation of the window 1210 from the retaining ring 1208 toreceive the monitoring device, as illustrated in FIG. 15. The wall 1518may stretch to extend from a plane of the retaining ring 1208 to a planeof the window 1210 when a monitoring device is placed in the pocket1202. In one aspect, the wall 1518 may be formed of a nylon blend wovenmaterial or other elastic sheet material or the like. The monitoringdevice may be inserted into the pocket 1202 within an interior cavity ofthe pocket 1202 formed by the wall 1518 and other surfaces.

The interior surface 1520 of the pocket 1202 (farthest from the targetsurface) may be bounded by the retaining ring 1208, which is preferablyformed of a material with a lower elasticity than the material of thewall 1518 so that the wall 1518 yields more than the retaining ring 1208and underlying sheet materials when a device is placed into the pocket1202. The interior surface 1520 may, for example, be formed of neopreneor the like, and may be about 1 mm thick or more. In this configuration,when the access port 1008 is closed, the wall 1518 can yield elasticallyabout the perimeter of the monitoring device to urge the monitoringdevice away from the interior surface 1520 and toward the window 1210and the target surface for the sensing region 1006. More generally, therelatively elastic and inelastic surfaces of the pocket 1202 may bearranged to impart a normal force on a monitoring device away from aplane of the underlying garment and into a target surface such as awearer's skin. This more generally causes the monitoring device toprotrude from the article of clothing into a target surface for improvedengagement of the sensing region 1006 with the target surface when thearticle of clothing is worn. As used in this context to describe thematerial of the wall 1518, the phrase “relatively high elasticity”describes the generally higher elasticity of the material of the wall1518, as compared to the interior surface 1520 and/or the window 1210,that urges the monitoring device to protrude from the article ofclothing 1004 to engage the target surface as described herein. Whilespecific elasticity characteristics of various fabrics and other sheetmaterials used in garments are well known, the precise elasticity ofeach component is less important than a generally higher elasticity ofthe wall 1518 that encourages the sensing region 1006 of a monitoringdevice to extend in this manner.

A high-friction surface such as a tackified surface, low durometerpolymer, or the like, may be applied to the interior surface 1520 of thepocket 1202 where the pocket 1202 is bounded by the retaining ring 1208to further inhibit lateral movement of the monitoring device along theinterior surface 1520 when the monitoring device is placed for use inthe pocket 1202. In one aspect, the material of the interior surface1520 may include a high friction surface facing an interior of thepocket 1202, where the high friction surface has a greater coefficientof sliding friction than other interior surfaces of the pocket 1202. Inanother aspect, the interior surface 1520 may include a high-frictionsurface treatment having a greater coefficient of sliding friction thanother interior surfaces of the pocket 1202 to inhibit lateral movementof a device within the pocket 1202 along the first surface. In anotheraspect, the monitoring device may have a high-friction surfacetreatment.

According to the foregoing, there is described herein a pocket forsecuring a modular device within an article of clothing. The pocket mayinclude: a first surface formed of a first sheet material having a firstelasticity and providing a substrate for a monitoring device wheninserted into the pocket; a retaining ring formed of a second material,the retaining ring forming a raised perimeter to inhibit movement of adevice in the pocket along the first surface; a wall formed of a thirdmaterial having a higher elasticity than the first sheet material, thewall including an opening positioned to expose a sensor of a device whenplaced for use in the pocket, and the third material selected toelastically yield to the device when inserted into the pocket; a windowformed of a fourth material positioned around the opening, the fourthmaterial having a lower elasticity than the third material of the wall;and an access port configured to receive the device into the pocket whenopened, and configured to secure the device within the pocket against anelastic force of the wall when closed.

FIG. 16 illustrates a layer-based fabrication process for a pocket. Inone aspect, the pocket may be fabricated from one or more layers 1600 ofsheet material. This advantageously permits fabrication of the pocket ina layered manufacturing process independent of fabrication of theclothing (unless the access port passes through the clothing), afterwhich the pocket may be adhered to the clothing in a desired locationusing a commercial adhesive or the like. In some embodiments, the pocketmay be fabricated from eight or more layers. The layers 1600 may includethe following, which may in one aspect be assembled in order tofabricate the pocket. The layers 1600 may include a fixing ring layer1602 to serve as the retaining ring described above. The layers 1600 mayinclude a hook-and-loop fastener layer 1604 for use in securing theaccess port. The layers 1600 may include a lock ring layer 1606 to serveas the window described above, or more particularly, the frame/perimeterof a window as described herein. The layers 1600 may include an insidelayer 1608 to provide, inter alia, the elastic sidewalls describedabove. The layers 1600 may include an open ended glue layer 1610 forsecuring a portion of the retaining ring to a substrate or to the insidelayer 1608. The layers 1600 may include an adhesive 1612 for securing anonstick material 1614 such as a Griptech material to a base layer 1616of the pocket. The sheet material for the layers 1600 may include one ormore of Bemis STR4000, Velcro, Nylon body fabric, 1 mm Neoprene, BemisGriptech ET3150033, and Bemis 3415. Intermediate layers may be adheredto one another using industrial sheet adhesives such as Bemis 3415Sewfree Tape available from Bemis Associates, Inc., or any other softelastomeric adhesive film, hot melt glue, or the like. Additionally, thehigh-friction surfaces described above may be applied as additionallayers in a manufacturing process where helpful. For example, thehigh-friction surfaces may be formed of Bemis Griptech ET3150033 or anyother polymer, tackifier, or the like providing a high-grip orhigh-coefficient-of-friction surface.

An assembly process using these adhesives and sheet materialsadvantageously permits automated or manual manufacturing without machinestitching or other time-intensive and labor-intensive processesrequiring specialized machinery.

FIG. 17 illustrates a physiological monitoring device 1702, such as anyof the monitoring devices described herein. The monitoring device 1702may include a housing 1704 providing a protective enclosure (e.g.,waterproof enclosure) for a battery 1706 of the monitoring device 1702and sensing circuitry 1708 powered by the battery 1706. The housing 1704may include a pair of functional guide surfaces 1710 on opposing sidesof the exterior thereof. Each of the functional guide surfaces 1710 mayform a curved draw path 1712 for attaching and detaching a wirelessbattery, along with a detent 1714 (which may also be curved) forretaining the wireless battery in a position to wirelessly couple to andprovide power for the battery 1706 in the housing 1704. Alternatively,the detent 1714 may be a projection, with the wireless battery having acorresponding detent for receiving the projection. This removable andreplaceably wireless batter supports continuous physiological monitoringwhile the wireless battery recharges the battery 1706, without the needto remove the monitoring device 1702 from a user. Instead, the wirelessbattery may be easily removed from the monitoring device 1702 andreplaced without hindering a user engaged in a variety of activities.The curved draw path 1712 may have a radius of curvature of about 227millimeters, or more generally between about 200 millimeters to about250 millimeters, or still more generally between about 150 millimetersand about 300 millimeters. This curvature supports good fit to a humanwrist, while inhibiting displacement of the battery under high speedlinear displacement of the housing 1704. Alternatively, the draw path1712 may be a straight line running on opposing sides of the housing1704.

In one aspect, the housing 1704 may include a waterproof enclosure. Asdescribed herein, features that are “waterproof” or “substantiallywaterproof” may be engineered to prevent ingress of water, e.g.,according to any suitable national or international standard for degreesof protection provided by enclosures such as the InternationalProtection Code or IP Code, for short, or any other objective standardor the like. In one aspect, the housing 1704 (or any related componentsor enclosures) may conform to IPX7 of the International Protection Code,which specifies no ingress of water in harmful quantities duringimmersion in water having a depth of at least one meter for at leastthirty minutes. This facilitates use of the housing 1704, e.g., whileswimming. Other more or less rigorous ingress/protection standards mayalso or instead be used, and may be appropriate for high diving or deepwater activities. In some embodiments, the housing 1704 may be formed ofwater-resistant materials such as rubber, nylon,polytetrafluoroethylene, or the like. The housing 1704 may also orinstead be lined with a sealant for further waterproofing.

FIG. 18 illustrates a wireless battery 1810 coupled to a physiologicalmonitoring device 1802. In general, the wireless battery 1810 may be awireless recharging battery (also referred to herein simply as a“recharging battery”) removably and replaceably coupled to thephysiological monitoring device 1802 in a manner that securely retainsthe wireless recharging battery in a precise location relative to acorresponding wireless power interface of the monitoring device 1802,while facilitating intuitive and easy removal and replacement of thewireless recharging battery by a user. In this manner, the monitoringdevice 1802 may continuously monitor physiological data of a user withminimal effort needed from the user to keep the battery (i.e., theinternal battery) of the monitoring device 1802 charged. In general, thewireless battery 1810 may include a battery with sufficient power torecharge the battery of the monitoring device 1802, along with wirelesspower transfer circuitry providing a wireless power interface forwirelessly transferring the stored energy from the wireless battery 1810to the monitoring device 1802. The wireless battery 1810 may straddle ahead portion of the monitoring device 1802 while recharging the batteryof the monitoring device 1802. In some embodiments, the wireless battery1810 may be able to power the monitoring device 1802 on its own withoutthe battery of the monitoring device 1802. A housing 1812 for thewireless battery 1810 may usefully provide a substantially waterproofenclosure meeting, e.g., the IPX7 standard for ingress protectiondescribed above, or any other suitable standard or the like forwaterproofing. The housing 1812 may be formed of a polycarbonate blend,or any other polymer and/or other material(s) that areweatherproof/waterproof and suitably strong for removably andreplaceably engaging with a monitoring device as described herein.

In one aspect, a wireless power interface may include a wireless powertransmitter 1822 in the wireless battery 1810 and a wireless powerreceiver 1824 in the monitoring device 1802. By curving these otherwiseplanar structures along the radius of curvature of the monitoringdevice, the transmitter 1822 and the receiver 1824 can advantageously beplaced closer together along a physical boundary between the wirelessbattery 1810 and the monitoring device 1802, thus supporting moreefficient wireless power transfer (illustrated conceptually as arrows1826) through the intervening space, e.g., of the housings and otherhardware of the two components when the two components are coupled forcharging.

The wireless battery 1810 may generally be configured for bidirectionalmechanical and electromagnetic coupling to the monitoring device 1802.For example, the wireless battery 1810 may include a pair of wings(described in more detail below) that are substantially symmetricalabout an axis normal to the draw path to facilitate bidirectionalcoupling of the recharging battery to the monitoring device 1802. Thewireless battery 1810 may also be symmetrical about the normal axis. Inthis context, the draw path is the physical path that the wirelessbattery 1810 follows when engaging with the functional surfaces of themonitoring device 1802 to attach to or detach from the monitoring device1802.

It should also be noted that wireless power transfer circuitry systemsand methods are generally known in the art. The details of suchcircuitry and/or wireless power transfer interfaces vary according tothe rate and total amount of power to be transferred, the form factor ofthe wireless interface, the size and expected distance betweentransceivers, and so forth. The details of such circuits are notdescribed here, except to note that the techniques used hereinadvantageously enforce an accurate, consistent distance and orientationbetween a recharging battery and a monitoring device, thus permittingconsistent alignment of transceivers and antennae, and correspondinglyefficient wireless transfers of power, and advantageously support closerposition of a wireless power transmitter and receiver by curving thesedevices to conform more closely to the physical surfaces of the housingfor the wireless battery 1810 and the monitoring device 1802.

FIG. 19A illustrates a recharging battery 1902 aligned for coupling to amonitoring device, and FIG. 19B shows alternative views of therecharging battery 1902 aligned for coupling to the monitoring device.Specifically, FIGS. 19A-19B illustrate wings 1904 extending from arecharging battery 1902 for coupling the recharging battery 1902 to amonitoring device. The recharging battery 1902 may have two wings 1904on opposing sides of the recharging battery 1902 that each flexiblyyield to support engagement and disengagement with the monitoringdevice, although alternatively the recharging battery 1902 may have onlyone wing that flexes in this manner. The wings 1904 may be formed of apolycarbonate blend or any other material(s) of suitable strength foruse as described herein. Each of the wings 1904 may have a curved flange1906 shaped to guide the recharging battery 1902 along the curved drawpath defined by the housing of the monitoring device by following arespective one of the functional guide surfaces. Further, each curvedflange 1906 may be shaped to mate with a curved detent 1908 of themonitoring device to secure the recharging battery 1902 in apredetermined position relative to the monitoring device for wirelesslytransferring power from a battery of the recharging battery 1902 to thebattery of the monitoring device through a wireless power transfercircuit 1910. It will be understood that the recharging battery 1902 mayalso be wirelessly rechargeable, which permits removal of exterior metalcontacts and the like along with accompanying improvements to wateringress protection. This advantageously permits use of the rechargingbattery 1902 to recharge the monitoring device under a greater range ofconditions, e.g., in the rain, in the shower, while swimming, and soforth. The recharging battery 1902 may also or instead include a plug orother electromechanical port or the like for wired recharging.

The wireless power transfer circuitry 1910 may contain an antenna 1912having a normal axis 1914. The antenna 1912 may be a planar antennashaped and sized for non-contact power transfer. In another aspect, theantenna 1912 may have a three-dimensional surface shape conforming to alateral surface of a right cylinder, which in turn may have a curvaturecorresponding to the radius of curvature of a surface of the monitoringdevice 1802 and/or the curved flanges 1906 of the monitoring device1802. In this manner, the antenna 1912 may generally follow the shape ofthe draw path 1712 for coupling to a physiological monitoring device asdescribed above, and more generally, the shape of exterior matingsurfaces of the recharging battery 1920 and the monitoring device 1802so that the antennae used to transfer power from the recharging battery1920 to the monitoring device 1802 may be placed in closer proximity toone another. The normal axis 1914 of the antenna 1912 may be at or neara center of the antenna 1912, or in any other location where an antennaof the recharging battery lies parallel to an antenna of a monitoringdevice. The wings 1904 may extend from the housing parallel to thenormal axis 1914. As described above, the monitoring device 1802 mayhave a second antenna with a curvature corresponding to the radius ofcurvature of the antenna of the recharging battery 1920, which permitscloser placement of the surfaces of the two antennae for more efficientpower transfer when the wireless battery 1810 is coupled to themonitoring device 1802.

FIG. 20 illustrates a draw path 2000 for a wireless battery 2002 toslidably engage a monitoring device 2004. As noted above, the wirelessbattery 2002 may also or instead be attached in an opposite orientation,e.g., with the wireless battery 2002 rotated 180 degrees as shown by anarrow 2010. In this manner, a user may engage the wireless battery 2002with the monitoring device 2004 without the need to determine a specificorientation of the wireless battery 2002. Further, although the wings1904 and detents 1908 shown in FIG. 19 are intended to permit attachmentof the wireless battery 2002 only from one side of the monitoring device2004, the interface between these components may be adapted so that thewireless battery 2002 may also or instead be attached from an oppositeend of the monitoring device 2004. That is, although the wirelessbattery 2002 is shown in this figure as being coupled to the monitoringdevice 2004 from its right side moving left as shown by the draw path2000, in certain aspects, the wireless battery 2002 may also or insteadbe configured to couple to the monitoring device 2004 from its left sidemoving right, in a direction opposing the draw path 2000 as shown.

FIG. 21 is a top view of functional surfaces 2102 of a monitoring devicethat slidably engage a wireless battery as described herein. In general,these functional surfaces 2102 may cooperate with the wings and flangesof the wireless battery described above, or any other similarlymechanical topological features, to impose a desired attachment anddetachment force for the wireless battery along the draw path. Themonitoring device may additionally have side rails 2104 surrounding thefunctional surfaces 2102 that help enforce the draw path. It will beunderstood that the functional surfaces 2102 depicted in FIG. 21 mayadvantageously be mirrored on an opposing side of the monitoring devicefor balanced, bidirectional operation, although this is not required.

In one aspect, the functional guide surfaces 2102 may include a ramp2106 for progressively displacing a corresponding one of the wings ofthe recharging battery away from the monitoring device to receive therecharging battery as the recharging battery travels along the curveddraw path. For example, the ramp 2106 may progressively displace one ofthe wings about 0.5 millimeters (in a direction away from the monitoringdevice), or more specifically, one of the curved flanges extending fromone of the wings. In one aspect, each of the curved flanges may yield atleast about 0.5 millimeters away from the monitoring device (and/or theopposing curved flange of the other wing) in response to an outwardforce of about 20 Newtons. By angling the ramp 2106 appropriately, thisresults in a maximum insertion force of about 8 Newtons for coupling therecharging battery to the monitoring device along the curved draw path,which facilitates relatively easy securement of the recharging batterywith the monitoring device. More generally, the ramp 2106 and the wingsmay be designed to cooperatively generate a maximum insertion force ofabout 5 Newtons to about 15 Newtons. Other ranges of forces are insteadpossible.

It will be understood that the insertion force may generally vary as therecharging battery moves along the functional guide surfaces 2102according to one or more of the speed of motion, an amount of surfacecontact between the recharging battery and the monitoring device, theslope of the ramp 2106, and so forth. As such, a nominal insertion forceengineered for the system may vary during use, and may vary over timedue to wear and strain. The maximum insertion force, or the maximuminsertion force along the draw path, is used herein to describe thegreatest expected insertion force during use of the devices. In someembodiments, the maximum insertion force may occur at the start of thedraw path, to avoid unintentional attachment of the recharging batteryto the monitoring device.

The functional guide surfaces 2102 may include a detent 2108 such as anyof the curved detents or the like described above. In general, thedetent 2108 may provide a recess or other similar mechanically keyedinterface to receive a flange of the recharging battery and secure therecharging battery (against reverse displacement along the draw path toremove the recharging battery) at a location selected for wirelessdelivery of power from the recharging battery to the battery of themonitoring device.

The functional guide surfaces 2102 may include a second ramp 2110 at anendpoint of the detent 2108 that progressively displaces a correspondingone of the wings to release the recharging battery from the detent 2108when removing the recharging battery along the curved draw path. In thisrespect, the functional guide surfaces 2102 may be shaped to create amaximum removal force for uncoupling the recharging battery from themonitoring device along the curved draw path of about 18 Newtons. In oneaspect, the functional guide surfaces 2102 may create a maximum removalforce for uncoupling the recharging battery from the monitoring devicethat is significantly greater than the insertion force in order tosecurely engage and retain the recharging battery once it is attached.This may generally include a maximum removal force along the curved drawpath of about 10 Newtons to about 35 Newtons or any other force or rangeof forces that make it more difficult to remove the recharging batterythan to attach the recharging battery. In this manner, the functionalguide surfaces 2102 may ensure that the recharging battery is securedonto the monitoring device at a precise location.

The functional guide surfaces 2102 may also include a hard stop 2111that prevents movement of the recharging battery along the draw pathbeyond the detents 2106 that receive the flanges of the rechargingbattery. The hard stop 2111 may be any protrusion large enough toprevent movement of the recharging battery beyond the detents 2106. Inthis manner, the functional guide surfaces 2102 may enforce an endpointalong the draw path where the flanges engage the detents 2106, which maybe more specifically be selected to ensure good alignment of antennaebetween the recharging battery and the monitoring device as describedherein.

In general, the flanges of the recharging battery and the functionalsurfaces 2102 of the monitoring device may cooperate to enforce a drawpath and create desired insertion and removal forces for the rechargingbattery as described above. The side rails for the functional surfaces2102, along with the mechanical properties of the wings of therecharging battery, may also cooperate to securely retain the rechargingbattery along the draw path, and prevent displacement off of the drawpath. For example, the curved flanges may require at least 100 Newtonsof outward force to separate the recharging battery from the functionalguide surfaces 2102 in a direction off the curved draw path, or may moregenerally require a non-draw-path displacement force sufficient tosecurely enforces movement along the draw path during attachment andremoval of the recharging battery, and/or to prevent displacement of thebatter from the monitoring device during use.

According to the foregoing, in one aspect there is described hereinremovable and replaceable wireless recharging battery for use with aphysiological monitoring device. The recharging battery may include abattery; wireless power transfer circuit including an antenna having anormal axis; a housing enclosing the battery and the wireless powertransfer circuit, wherein the housing encloses the battery and thewireless power transfer circuit to prevent ingress of water in harmfulquantities during immersion in water to at least one meter for at leastthirty minutes; and two wings extending from the housing parallel to thenormal axis of the antenna, each wing having a curved flange extendingtoward an opposing one of the two wings, wherein each of the wingsyields about 0.5 millimeters to an outward force of between ten andthirty Newtons, and wherein each of the curved flanges has a radius ofcurvature of between two hundred and two hundred fifty millimeters.

FIG. 22 shows a system 2200 including a physiological monitoring device2202 that is structurally configured for use with an adjustable strap orband. In general, a strap, which may be any of the bands of elasticmaterial or other straps described herein, may usefully be adjusted to adesired tension for a particular user. To this end, an adjustable strapmay include a buckle on one end that removably and replaceably couplesto a monitoring device while retaining a length of the strap as thebuckle and strap are removed from and replaced. This advantageouslypermits a number of straps to be used interchangeably without requiringreadjustment of strap length each time a strap is changed.

The monitoring device 2202 may be any device configured to monitorphysiological data, such as a wearable physiological monitoring devicethat uses photoplethysmography (PPG) or the like to continuously monitorheart rate variability (HRV) and the like, or any other device describedherein. The monitoring device 2202 may include a housing 2204 forsensing circuitry 2208 and a battery 2206. The housing 2204 may enclosethe battery 2206 and sensing circuitry 2208 in a substantiallywaterproof enclosure that prevents ingress of water in harmfulquantities during immersion in water to at least one meter for at leastthirty minutes.

The system 2200 may include a clasp 2210 pivotally mounted to a firstend 2212 of the monitoring device 2202 on a first end 2214 of the clasp2210 where there is a rotation axis 2216. A second end 2218 of the clasp2210 may be rotatable between a first position adjacent to a second end2220 of the monitoring device 2202 and a second position away from thesecond end 2220 of the monitoring device 2202 as generally illustratedby an arrow 2222. The clasp 2210 may be rotatable around the rotationaxis 2216 over an angle of 180 degrees or more. The clasp 2210 mayinclude a cross member 2224 on the second end 2218 of the clasp 2210having an axis aligned to the rotation axis 2216 for the clasp 2210.

The strap may be any of the adjustable bands or other straps describedherein and may generally secure the physiological monitoring device 2202in a desired location on a user's body. The strap may include a band ofelastic material with a first end and a second end to provide acombination of tension to secure the device for physiological monitoringand elasticity to accommodate diameter changes resulting from usermovement. The length of the band from the first end to the second endmay be sufficient to wrap around a variety of body parts andaccessories. In this manner, the strap may accommodate a variety ofwearer sizes and shapes, as well as physical movements by the wearer.The elastic material of the band may include any material designed toresist permanent deformation such as rubber, nylon, synthetic fiber, orthe like. In general, the strap may interconnect a hook 2226 and abuckle 2228, each of which may be coupled to the monitoring device 2202and the strap as described herein. In one aspect, the strap may includea high friction material on a surface contacting the monitoring device2202 when the clasp 2210 is in the first position. This can help tosecure the strap against the monitoring device 2202 and prevent lateralor lengthwise slippage.

The hook 2226 may be crimped, adhered, or otherwise attached to thestrap. In one aspect, the hook 2226 may be coupled to the strap in anon-adjustable manner, e.g., crimped or otherwise affixed to a first end2214 of the strap. The buckle 2228 may be attached to the strap in amanner that permits adjustment of a position of the buckle 2228 alongthe strap in order to adjust a length of the strap, and a correspondingtension of the strap about a wrist or other body part of a user. Thebuckle 2228 may, for example, provide a fixture 2230 defining anoverlapping path for adjustably retaining a length of a band of elasticmaterial between the buckle 2228 and the hook 2226. In this embodiment,the strap may be woven through two adjacent slits 2232 along theoverlapping path through the fixture 2230 to secure the buckle 2228 at adesired position along the strap. In some embodiments, the fixture 2230may be a rigid structure extending from the buckle 2228. Alternatively,the fixture 2230 may be collapsed to lie unobtrusively against thebuckle 2228. Other adjustment techniques are known in the art, which mayalso or instead be used to adjustably couple the buckle 2228 to thestrap. It will be understood, however, that the hook 2226 may also orinstead be adjustably coupled to the strap. The crimp 2227 of the hook2226 may conveniently permit the hook 2226 to fold against themonitoring device 2202 with a low profile that lies flush with the clasp2210, the strap, and other hardware. In one aspect, a circumferentialtension along the strap may help to secure the hook 2226 in a rotationalorientation that prevents decoupling of the hook 2226 from the rotationaxis 2216 of the clasp 2210 when the clasp 2210 is in a closed position,e.g., about a wrist of a wearer.

As shown in FIG. 23, the hook 2226 may be rotatably coupled to the crossmember 2224 on the second end 2218 of the clasp 2210, and rotatable asindicated by an arrow 2234 to decouple the hook 2226 from the crossmember 2224. Decoupling the hook 2226 in this manner may preventunwanted couplings of the hook 2226 to the buckle 2228 to aid in removalof the monitoring device 2202.

The buckle 2228 may be linearly removable from and replaceable to thesecond end 2220 of the monitoring device 2202 along a second axisparallel to the rotation axis 2216 for the clasp 2210 as indicated by anarrow 2236. The buckle 2228 may include a fixture as described aboveproviding an overlapping path for adjustably retaining a length of theband of elastic material between the hook 2226 and the buckle 2228. Thebuckle 2228 may, for example, have a c-shaped cross section along thesecond axis shaped and sized to couple to a partially cylindricalsurface on the second end 2220 of the monitoring device 2202. As shownin FIG. 22, the c-shaped cross section may also include a tooth 2229 orother flange or the like shaped and sized to engage an indent in thesecond end 2220 of the monitoring device 2202 when the buckle 2228 isaligned for use along the second axis.

In one aspect, the monitoring device 2202 may include a spring bar 2320or similar feature with protruding surfaces that retain the clasp 2210in a closed position and prevent rotational movement of the clasp 2210.The clasp 2210 may include a pair of arms 2330 extending from the firstend 2214 of the clasp 2210 to the second end 2218 of the clasp 2210.When closed, indents 2332 or the like may engage the protruding portionsof the spring bar 2320 to secure the clasp 2210 in a closed position (orvice-versa, regarding indents/protrusions).

As shown in FIG. 24, when closed, the pair of arms 2330 may also overlapthe ends of the buckle 2228 in order to secure the buckle 2228 againstdisplacement along the second axis, e.g., parallel to the rotation axis2216 of the clasp 2210. The pair of arms 2330 may generally rotate awayfrom the second end 2220 of the monitoring device 2202 when in a secondposition (or open position) to permit linear movement of the buckle 2228along the second axis to decouple the buckle 2228 from the monitoringdevice 2202. In this manner, the buckle 2228 may retain a target lengthof the strap for a user as the buckle 2228 is removed from and replacedto the monitoring device 2202, or as the user changes among differentstraps over time.

FIG. 25 shows a wearable physiological monitor with a band such as anelastic wrist band. In general, the elastic wrist band 2502 may be anadjustable band of elastic material selected to couple to othercomponents and/or the physiological monitor 2504 for use in retainingthe physiological monitor in a desired location, e.g., on a wrist of auser. As used herein, terms such as “strap,” “band,” “elastic band,”“adjustable band,” “adjustable strap,” and the like are usedinterchangeably to describe a band of elastic material or the like usedto secure a physiological monitoring device to a wrist or other regionof a user's body, unless a more specific meaning is otherwise providedor clear from the context. It will be further understood that, in someimplementations, the band is relatively inelastic.

According to the foregoing, there is described herein an adjustable bandfor a wearable physiological monitoring device. The adjustable band mayinclude a band of an elastic material, the band having a first end and asecond end; a hook affixed to the first end of the band; and a bucklecoupled to the second end of the band, the buckle having a pair of armsforming a c-shaped cross section along an axis transverse to the band,each of the arms having a flange for engaging the buckle with a deviceunder a circumferential tension on the band, the buckle including afixture providing an overlapping path for adjustably securing the bandof material in the buckle to retain a length of the band of elasticmaterial between the hook and the buckle under the circumferentialtension on the band.

Garments

One limitation on wearable sensors is body placement. Devices aretypically wrist-based, and may occupy a location that a user wouldprefer to reserve for other devices or jewelry, or that a user wouldprefer to leave unadorned for aesthetic or functional reasons. Thislocation also places constraints on what measurements can be taken, andmay also limit user activities. For example, a user may be preventedfrom wearing wear boxing gloves while wearing a sensing device on theirwrist. To address this issues, physiological monitors may also orinstead be embedded in clothing, which may be specifically adapted forphysiological monitoring with the addition of communications interfaces,power supplies, device location sensors, environmental sensors,geolocation hardware, payment processing systems, and any othercomponents to provide infrastructure and augmentation for wearablephysiological monitors. Such “smart garments” offer additional space ona user's body for supporting monitoring hardware, and may further enablesensing techniques that cannot be achieved with single sensing devices.For example, embedding a plurality of physiological sensors or otherelectronic/communication devices in a shirt may allow electrocardiogram(ECG) based heart rate measurements to be gathered from a torso regionof the wearer; wireless antennas to be placed above the upper portion ofthe thoracic spine to achieve desired communications signals; acontactless payment system to be embedded in a sleeve cuff forinteractions with a payment terminal; and muscle oxygen saturationmeasurements to be gathered from muscles such as the pectoralis major,latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, and other major muscle groups. Thisnon-exhaustive list illustrates just some examples of technology thatmay be incorporated into a single garment.

Smart garments may also free up body surfaces for other devices. Forexample, if sensors in a wrist-worn device that provide heart ratemonitoring and step counting can be instead embedded in a user'sundergarments, the user may still receive the biometric information theydesire, while also being able to wear jewelry or other accessories forsuitable occasions.

The present disclosure is generally directed to smart garment systemsand techniques. It will be understood that a “smart garment” asdescribed herein generally includes a garment the incorporatesinfrastructure and devices to support, augment, or complement variousphysiological monitoring modes. Such a garment may include a wired,local communication bus for intra-garment hardware communications, awireless communication system for intra-garment hardware communications,a wireless communication system for extra-garment communications and soforth. The garment may also or instead include a power supply, a powermanagement system, processing hardware, data storage, and so forth, anyof which may support enriched functions for the smart garment.

FIG. 26 shows a smart garment system. In general, the system 2600 mayinclude a plurality of components—e.g., a garment 2610, one or moremodules 2620, a controller 2630, a processor 2640, a memory 2642, and soon—capable of communicating with one another over a data network 2602.The garment 2610 may be wearable by a user 2601 and configured tocommunicate with a module 2620 having a physiological sensor 2622 thatis structurally configured to sense a physiological parameter of theuser 2601. As discussed herein, the module 2620 may be controllable bythe controller 2630 based at least in part on a location 2616 where themodule 2620 is located on or within the garment 2610. Thisposition-based information may be derived from an interaction and/orcommunication between the module 2620 and the garment 2610 using varioustechniques. It will be understood that, while two controllers 2630 areshown, the garment 2610 may include a single inter-garment controller,or any number of separate controllers 2630 in any number of garments2610 (e.g., one per garment, or one for all garments worn by a person,etc.), and/or controllers may be integrated into other modules 2620.

For communication over the data network 2602, the system 2600 mayinclude a network interface 2604, which may be integrated into thegarment 2610, included in the controller 2630, or in some other moduleor component of the system 2600, or some combination of these. Thenetwork interface 2604 may be configured to wirelessly communicate datathrough the data network 2602. The data network 2602 may include anycommunication network through which computer systems may exchange data.For example, the data network 2602 may include, but is not limited to,the Internet, an intranet, a LAN (Local Area Network), a WAN (Wide AreaNetwork), a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), a wireless network, acellular data network, an optical network, and the like. To exchangedata via the data network 2602, the system 2600 and the data network2602 may use various methods, protocols, and standards including, butnot limited to, token ring, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet, Bluetooth,TCP/IP, UDP, HTTP, FTP, SNMP, SMS, MMS, SS7, JSON, XML, REST, SOAP,CORBA, HOP, RMI, DCOM and Web Services. To ensure data transfer issecure, the system 2600 may transmit data via the data network 2602using a variety of security measures including, but not limited to, TSL,SSL and VPN. By way of example, some embodiments of the system 2600 maybe configured to stream information wirelessly to a social network, adata center, a cloud service, and so forth.

In some embodiments, data streamed from the system 2600 to the datanetwork 2602 may be accessed by the user 2601 (or other users) via awebsite. The network interface 2604 may thus be configured such thatdata collected by the system 2600 is streamed wirelessly to a remoteprocessing facility 2650, database 2660, and/or server 2670 forprocessing and access by the user. In some embodiments, data may betransmitted automatically, without user interactions, for example bystoring data locally and transmitting the data over available local areanetwork resources when available. In some embodiments, the system 2600may include a cellular chip or other hardware for independentlyaccessing network resources from the garment 2610 without requiringlocal network connectivity.

In one example, the network interface 2604 may be configured to streamdata using Bluetooth or Bluetooth Low Energy technology, e.g., to anearby device such as a cell phone or tablet for forwarding to otherresources on the data network 2602. In another example, the networkinterface 2604 may be configured to stream data using a cellular dataservice, such as via a 3G, 4G, or 5G cellular network. It will beunderstood that the network interface 2604 may include a computingdevice such as a mobile phone or the like. The network interface 2604may also or instead include or be included on another component of thesystem 2600, or some combination of these. Where battery power orcommunications resources can advantageously be conserved, the system2600 may preferentially use local networking resources when available,and reserve cellular communications for situations where a data storagecapacity of the garment 2610 is reaching capacity. Thus, for example,the garment 2610 may store data locally up to some predeterminedthreshold for local data storage, below which data is transmitted overlocal networks when available. The garment 2610 may also transmit datato a central resource using a cellular data network only when localstorage of data exceeds the predetermined threshold.

The garment 2610 may include one or more of a shirt (or other top),shorts/pants (or other bottom), an undergarment (e.g., undershirt,underwear, brassiere, and so on), a sock or other footwear, a shoe, afacemask, a hat or helmet (or other head adornment), a compressionsleeve, a sweatband, kinesiology tape or elastic therapeutic tape, aglove, and the like. More generally, the garment 2610 may include anytype(s) of wearable clothing or adornment suitable for wearing by a userand retaining one or more sensing modules as contemplated herein.

The garment 2610 may include one or more designated areas 2612 forpositioning a module to sense a physiological parameter of the user 2601wearing the garment 2610. One or more of the designated areas 2612 maybe specifically tailored for receiving a module 2620 therein or thereon.For example, a designated area 2612 may include a pocket structurallyconfigured to receive a module 2620 therein. Also or instead, adesignated area 2612 may include a first fastener configured tocooperate with a second fastener disposed on a module 2620. One or moreof the first fastener and the second fastener may include at least oneof a hook-and-loop fastener, a button, a clamp, a clip, a snap, aprojection, and a void.

The designated areas 2612 may include at least one of a torso region, aspinal region, an extremity region (e.g., one or more of an arm regionsuch as a sleeve, and a leg region such as a pant leg), a waistbandregion, a cuff region, and so on. Also or instead, one or more of thedesignated areas 2612 may include at least a region adjacent to one ormore muscle groups of the user 2601—e.g., muscle groups including atleast one of the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, andso on.

By placing a pocket or the like in one of these designated areas 2612, aposition of a module 2620 can be controlled, and where an RFID tag,sensor, or the like is used, the designated area 2612 can specificallysense when a module 2620 is positioned there for monitoring, and cancommunicate the detected location to any suitable control circuitry. Inthis manner, a garment 2610 may facilitate the installation of modules2620 in many different, discrete locations, the placement of which canbe controlled by the configuration of the garment 2610, and the use ofwhich can be automatically detected when corresponding control modules2620 are placed there for use. Also or instead, the garment 2610 mayfacilitate the placing of the modules 2620 over relatively large regionsof the garment 2610. For example, a garment 2610 may include arelatively large region (in terms of surface area) where a module 2620can be affixed or otherwise secured, e.g., by loops, straps, buttons,sheets of hook-and-loop fasteners, and so forth.

In general, each designated area 2612 may include a pocket such as anyof those described above, or any other mounting fixture or combinationof fixtures. Where a pocket is used, the pocket may be configured asdescribe above to preferentially urge a module 2620 within the pockettoward the user's skin under normal pressure. Without limiting thegenerality of the foregoing, this may generally include an exteriorlayer of the pocket that is less elastic than an interior surface of thepocket so that when circumferential tension is applied (e.g., when thegarment 2610 is donned), the pocket preferentially urges a contactsurface of the sensor inward toward the intended target surface with atleast a predetermined normal force (when the garment 2610 is properlysized for the user). In this respect, it will be understood thatalthough some variation in normal force among users and garments isinevitable, typical tensions for comfortable use of properly fittedathletic wear are generally known, and adequate contact force to obtaina high quality physiological signal is generally known, and in any eventreadily observable in acquired data. As such, adequate circumferentialtensions and resulting normal contact forces needed to promote goodcontact between sensing regions of the module 2620 (such as LEDs,capacitive touch sensors, photodiodes, and the like) and the user's skinmay readily be determined, and can advantageously facilitate the use ofwrist-worn sensor housings such as those described above with one of thegarments 2610 described herein for off-wrist monitoring if/when desired.

In one aspect, the designated areas 2612 may usefully be positionedwhere reinforcing elastic bands are typically provided on garments,e.g., around the mid-torso for a sports bra, around the waist on shortsor underwear, or on the sleeves of a t-shirt. In one aspect, thedesignated areas 2612 may also usefully be positioned according to theintended physiological measurement, e.g., near major arteries suitablefor heart rate detection using photoplethysmography. In one aspect, thegarment 2610 may usefully distribute these designated areas 2612 (andsupporting infrastructure such as wired connectors, locationidentification tags, and the like) at the intersection of regions wheregood physiological signals can be obtained and regions where adequatenormal forces for good sensor contact can be generated by clothing. Forexample, this may include the ankles, the waist, the mid-torso, thebiceps, the wrists, the forehead, and so on.

The garment 2610 may also or instead incorporate other infrastructure2615 to cooperate with a module 2620. For example, the garmentinfrastructure 2615 may include wires or the like embedded in thegarment 2610 to facilitate wired data or power transfer betweeninstalled modules 2620 and other system components (including othermodules 2620). The infrastructure 2615 may also or instead includeintegrated features for, e.g., powering modules, supporting datacommunications among modules, and otherwise supporting operation of thesystem 2600. The infrastructure 2614 may also or instead includelocation or identification tags or hardware, a power supply for poweringmodules 2620 or other hardware, communications infrastructure asdescribed herein, a wired intra-garment network, or supplementalcomponents such as a processor, a Global Positioning System (GPS), atiming device, e.g., for synchronizing signals from multiple garments, abeacon for synchronizing signals among multiple modules 2620, and soforth. More generally, any hardware, software, or combination of thesesuitable for augmenting operation of the garment 2610 and aphysiological monitoring system using the garment 2610 may beincorporated as infrastructure 2615 into the garment 2610 ascontemplated herein.

The modules 2620 may generally be sized and shaped for placement on orwithin the one or more designated areas 2612 of the garment 2610. Forexample, in certain implementations, one or more of the modules 2620 maybe permanently affixed on or within the garment 2610. In such instances,the modules 2620 may be washable. Also or instead, in certainimplementations, one or more of the modules 2620 may be removable andreplaceable relative to the garment 2610. In such instances, the modules2620 need not be washable, although a module 2620 may be designed to bewashable and/or otherwise durable enough to withstand a prolonged periodof engagement with a designated area 2612 of the garment 2610. A module2620 may be capable of being positioned in more than one of thedesignated areas 2612 of the garment 2610. That is, one or more of theplurality of modules 2620 may be configured to sense data using aphysiological sensor 2622 in a plurality of designated areas 2612 of thegarment 2610.

Removable and replaceable modules 2620 may provide several advantagessuch as ease of garment care (e.g., washing) and power management (e.g.,removal for recharging). Furthermore, removability may facilitatereplacement and/or repositioning of modules within the garment 2610 fordifferent sensing activities or other reconfigurations, replacement ofdamaged or defective modules 2620, and so forth.

A module 2620 may include one or more physiological sensors 2622 and acommunications interface 2624 programmed to transmit data from at leastone of the physiological sensors 2622. For example, the physiologicalsensors 2622 may include one or more of a heart rate monitor, an oxygenmonitor (e.g., a pulse oximeter), a thermometer, an accelerometer, agyroscope, a position sensor, a Global Positioning System, a clock, agalvanic skin response (GSR) sensor, or any other electrical, acoustic,optical, or other sensor or combination of sensors and the like usefulfor physiological monitoring, environmental monitoring, or othermonitoring as described herein. In one aspect, the physiological sensors2622 may include a conductivity sensor or the like used forelectromyography, electrocardiography, electroencephalography, or otherphysiological sensing based on electrical signals. The data receivedfrom the physiological sensors 2622 may include at least one of heartrate data, muscle oxygen saturation data, temperature data, movementdata, position/location data, environmental data, temporal data, and soon.

In one aspect, a module 2620 may be configured for use on multiple bodylocations. For example, the module 2620 may be one of the wrist-wornsensors described above. The module 2620 may be adapted for use with agarment 2610 in various ways. In one aspect, the module 2620 may haverelatively smooth, continuous exterior surfaces to facilitate slidinginto and out of a pocket, such as any of the pockets described herein,or any other suitable retaining structure(s). In another aspect, an LEDand/or sensor region may protrude from a surface of the module 2620sufficiently to extend beyond a restraining garment material and into acontact surface of a user. The module 2620 may also include hardware tofacilitate such uses. For example, a module 2620 may usefullyincorporate a contact sensor for detecting contact with a user. However,the exposed contact surfaces of the module 2620 may different whenretained by a wrist strap (or other limb strap) than when retained by agarment pocket. To facilitate multiple retaining modes, the module 2620may usefully incorporate two or more contact sensors (such as capacitivesensors or other touch sensors, switches, or the like) at two differentlocations, each positioned to detect contact with a wearer in adifferent retaining mode. For example, a module 2620 may include acapacitive sensor adjacent to an optical sensing system that contactsthe user's skin when the module 2620 is retained with a wrist strap. Themodule 2620 may also or instead optically detect contact when thecapacitive sensor is covered by a garment fabric or the like thatprevents direct skin contact, or a second capacitive sensor may beplaced within another region exposed by the garment 2610 retainingsystem. In another aspect, the garment 2610 may include a capacitivesensor that provides a signal to the module 2620, or to some othersystem controller or the like, when a region of the garment near themodule 2620 is in contact with a user's skin.

In one aspect, the physiological sensors 2622 may include a heart ratemonitor or pulse sensor, e.g., where heart rate is optically detectedfrom an artery, such as the radial artery. In one embodiment, thegarment 2610 may be configured such that a module 2620 is positioned ona user's wrist, where a physiological sensor 2622 of the module 2620 issecured over the user's radial artery or other blood vessel. Secureconnection and placement of a pulse sensor over the radial artery orother blood vessel facilitates measurement of heart rate, pulse oxygen,and the like. It will be understood that this configuration is providedby way of example only, and that other sensors, sensor positions, andmonitoring techniques may also or instead be employed without departingfrom the scope of this disclosure.

In some embodiments, heart rate data may be acquired using an opticalsensor coupled with one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs), all incontact with the user 2601. To facilitate optical sensing, the garment2610 may be designed to maintain a physiological sensor 2622 in secure,continual contact with the skin, and reduce interference of outsidelight with optical sensing by the physiological sensor 2622.

Thus, certain embodiments include one or more physiological sensors 2622configured to provide continuous measurements of heart rate usingphotoplethysmography or the like. The physiological sensor 2622 mayinclude one or more light emitters for emitting light at one or moredesired frequencies toward the user's skin, and one or more lightdetectors for received light reflected from the user's skin. The lightdetectors may include a photo-resistor, a photo-transistor, aphoto-diode, and the like. A processor may process optical data from thelight detector(s) to calculate a heart rate based on the measured,reflected light. The optical data may be combined with data from one ormore motion sensors, e.g., accelerometers and/or gyroscopes, to minimizeor eliminate noise in the heart rate signal caused by motion or otherartifacts. The physiological sensor 2622 may also or instead provide atleast one of continuous motion detection, environmental temperaturesensing, electrodermal activity (EDA) sensing, galvanic skin response(GSR) sensing, and the like.

The system 2600 may include different types of modules 2620. Forexample, a number of different modules 2620 may each provide aparticular function. Thus, the garment 2610 may house one or more of atemperature module, a heart rate/PPG module, a muscle oxygen saturationmodule, a haptic module, a wireless communication module, orcombinations thereof, any of which may be integrated into a singlemodule 2620 or deployed in separate modules 2620 that can communicatewith one another. Some measurements such as temperature, motion, opticalheart rate detection, and the like, may have preferred or fixedlocations, and pockets or fixtures within the garment 2610 may beadapted to receive specific types of modules 2620 at specific locationswithin the garment 2610. For example, motion may preferentially bedetected at or near extremities while heart rate data may preferentiallybe gathered near major arteries. In another aspect, some measurementssuch as temperature may be measured anywhere, but may preferably bemeasured at a single location in order to avoid certain calibrationissues that might otherwise arise through arbitrary placement.

In another aspect, the system 2600 may include two or more modules 2620placed at different locations and configured to perform differentialsignal analysis. For example, the rate of pulse travel and the degree ofattenuation in a cardiac signal may be detected using two or moremodules at two or more locations, e.g., at the bicep and wrist of auser, or at other locations similarly positioned along an artery. Thesemultiple measurements support a differential analysis that permitsuseful inferences about heart strength, pliability of circulatorypathways, and other aspects of the cardiovascular system that mayindicate cardiac age, cardiac health, cardiac conditions, and so forth.Similarly, muscle activity detection might be measured at differentlocations to facilitate a differential analysis for identifying activitytypes, determining muscular fitness, and so forth. More generally,multiple sensors can facilitate differential analysis. To facilitatethis type of analysis with greater precision, the garment infrastructuremay include a beacon or clock for synchronizing signals among multiplemodules, particularly where data is temporarily stored locally at eachmodule, or where the data is transmitted to a processor from differentlocations wirelessly where packet loss, latency, and the like maypresent challenges to real time processing.

The communications interface 2624 may be any as described herein, forexample including any of the features of the network interface 2604described above. The communications interface 2624 may be a separatedevice that provides the ability for the modules 2620 to communicatewith one another and/or with other components of the system 2600), orthere may be a central module that communicates with other modules 2620(or with another component of the system 2600). It will be understoodthat communications may usefully be secured using any suitableencryption technology in order to ensure privacy and security of userdata. This may, for example, include encryption for local (wired orwireless) communications among the modules 2620 and/or controller 2630within the garment 2610. This may also or instead include encryption forremote communications to a server and other remote resources. In oneaspect, the garment 2610 and/or controller 2630 may provide acryptographic infrastructure for securing local communications, e.g., bymanaging public/private key pairs for use in asymmetric encryption,authentication, digital signatures, and so forth. The keys for thisinfrastructure may also or instead be managed by an external, trustedthird-party.

The controller 2630 may be configured, e.g., by computer executable codeor the like, to determine a location of the module 2620. This may bebased on contextual measurements such as accelerometer data from themodule 2620, which may be analyzed by a machine learning model or thelike to infer a body position. In another aspect, this may be based onother signals from the module 2620. For example, signals from sensorssuch as photodiodes, temperature sensors, resistors, capacitors, and thelike may be used alone or in combination to infer a body position. Inanother aspect, the location may be determined based on a proximity of amodule 2620 to a proximity sensor, RFID tag, or the like at or near oneof the designated areas 2612 of the garment 2610. Based on the location,the controller 2630 may adapt operation of the module 2620 forlocation-specific operation. This may include selecting filters,processing models, physiological signal detections, and the like. Itwill be understood that operations of the controller 2630, which may beany controller, microcontroller, microprocessor, or other processingcircuitry, or the like, may be performed in cooperation with anothercomponent of the system 2600 such as the processor 2640 describedherein, one or more of the modules 2620, or another computing device. Itwill also be understood that the controller 2630 may be located on alocal component of the system 2600 (e.g., on the garment 2610, in amodule 2620, and so on) or as part of a remote processing facility 2650,or some combination of these. Thus, in an aspect, a controller 2630 isincluded in at least one of the plurality of modules 2620. And, inanother aspect, the controller 2630 is a separate component of thegarment 2610, and serves to integrate functions of the various modules2620 connected thereto. The controller 2630 may also or instead beremote relative to each of the plurality of modules 2620, or somecombination of these.

Location detection may also usefully be recorded and used in a number ofways by a human user and/or by the system 2600. For example, a detectedlocation may be stored, along with the corresponding garment, so that auser can retrieve a placement history and replace the module 2620 to aprevious location for a particular garment as desired. In anotheraspect, the detected location may be used by the system 2600 to analyzedata and make garment specific recommendations. For example, the system2600 may evaluate the quality of a signal, e.g., using any conventionalmetrics such as signal-to-noise ratio, or using quality metrics morespecific to physiological signals such as correlation to an expectedsignal or pulse shape, consistency with a rate or magnitude typical fora sensor, pulse-to-pulse consistency for a particular user, or any othermeasure of signal quality using statics, machine learning, digitalsignal processing techniques, or the like. A quality metric, howeverderived, may be used in turn to recommend specific placements of amodule 2620 on a garment 2610 for a user, or to recommend a particulargarment 2610 for the user. Thus, for example, after acquiring data overa range of garments and activities, the system 2600 may generate auser-actionable recommendation such as, “It appears that when you arejogging, the most accurate heart rate signals can be obtained when youare wearing an XL shirt model number xxxxxx. You may wish to wear thisshirt for active workouts, and you may wish to purchase more of thistype of shirt for regular use.” Or, “It appears that one of your modulesis not obtaining accurate temperature readings when located on yoursleeve elastic band. You may wish to try a different location for thismodule, or to try a different garment.” More generally, data quality maybe measured for a number of different modules at different locations indifferent garments during different activities, and this data may beused to generate customized recommendations for a user on a per-garmentand per-location basis. These recommendations may also be tailored tospecific activity types where this data is accurately recorded by thesystem 2600, either from user input, automatic detection, or somecombination of these.

The controller 2630 may be configured to control one or more of (i)sensing performed by a physiological sensor 2622 of the module 2620 and(ii) processing by the module 2620 of the data received from aphysiological sensor 2622. That is, in certain aspects, the combinationof sensors in the module 2620 may vary based on where it is intended tobe located on a garment 2610. In another aspect, processing of data froma module 2620 may vary based on where it is located on a garment 2610.In this latter aspect, a processing resource such as the controller 2630or some other local or remote processing resource coupled to the module2620 may detect the location and adapt processing of data from themodule 2620 based on the location. This may, for example, include aselection of different models, algorithms, or parameters for processingsensed data.

In another aspect, this may include selecting from among a variety ofdifferent activity recognition models based on the detected location.For example, a variety of different activity recognition models may bedeveloped such as machine learning models, lookup tables, analyticalmodels, or the like, which may be applied to accelerometer data todetect an activity type. Other motion data such as gyroscope data mayalso or instead be used, and activity recognition processes may also beaugmented by other potentially relevant data such as data from abarometer, magnetometer, GPS system, and so forth. This may generallydiscriminate, e.g., between being asleep, at rest, or in motion, or thismay discriminate more finely among different types of athletic activitysuch as walking, running, biking, swimming, playing tennis, playingsquash, and so forth. While useful models may be developed for detectingactivities in this manner, the nature of the detection will depend uponwhere the accelerometers are located on a body. Thus, a processingresource may usefully identify location first using location detectionsystems (such as tags, electromechanical bus connections, etc.) builtinto the garment 2610, and then use this detected location to select asuitable model for activity recognition. This technique may similarly beapplied to calibration models, physiological signals processing models,and the like, or to otherwise adapt processing of signals from a module2620 based on the location of the module 2620.

Determining the location of a module 2620 may include receiving a sensedlocation for the module 2620. The sensed location may be provided by aproximity detection circuit such as a near-field-communication (NFC)tag, an (active or passive) RFID tag, a capacitance sensor, a magneticsensor, an electrical contact, a mechanical contact, and the like. Anycorresponding hardware for such proximity detections may be disposed onthe module 2620 and the garment 2610 for communication therebetween todetect location when appropriate. For example, in one aspect, an NFC tagmay be disposed on or within the garment 2610, and the module mayinclude an NFC tag sensor 2620 that can detect the tag and read anylocation-specific information therefrom. Proximity detection may also orinstead be performed using capacitively detected contact,electromagnetically detected proximity, mechanical contact, electricalcoupling, and the like. In this manner, a garment 2610 may provideinformation to an installed module 2620 to inform the module 2620, amongother things, where the module 2620 is located, or vice-versa.

Thus, communication between a module 2620 and the garment 2610 (or aprocessor of the garment 2610) may be used to determine the location ofa module 2620 on the garment 2610. Communication of location informationmay be enabled using active techniques, passive techniques, or acombination thereof. For example, a thin, flexible, cheap, washable NFCtag may be sewn into the garment 2610 in various locations where amodule 2620 may be placed. When a module 2620 is placed in the garment2610, the module 2620 may query an adjacent NFC tag to determine itslocation. Furthermore, the NFC technique or other similar techniques mayprovide other information to the module 2620, including details aboutthe garment 2610 such as the size, whether it is a gender specificpiece, the manufacturer information, model or serial number of thegarment, stock keeping unit (SKU), and more. Similarly, the tag mayencode a unique identifier for the garment 2610 that can be used toobtain other relevant information using an online resource. The module2620 may also or instead advertise information about itself to thegarment 2610 so that the garment 2610 can synchronize processing withother modules 2620, synchronize communication among modules 2620,control or condition signals from the module 2620, and so forth. Themodule 2620 can then configure itself within the context of the currentgarment 2610 and associated modules 2620, and/or to perform certaintypes of monitoring or data processing.

Determining the location of a module 2620 may also or instead be based,at least in part, on an interpretation of the data received from aphysiological sensor 2622 of the module 2620. By way of example,movement of a module 2620 as detected by a sensor may provideinformation that can be used to predict a position on or within thegarment 2610. Also or instead, the type of data that is being receivedfrom a module 2620 may indicate where the module 2620 is located on thegarment 2610. For example, locations may produce unique signatures ofacceleration, gyroscope activity, capacitive data, optical data,temperature data, and the like, depending on where the module 2620 islocated, and this data may be fused and analyzed in any suitable mannerto obtain a location prediction.

According to the foregoing, determining the location of a module 2620may also or instead include receiving explicit input from the user 2601,which may identify one of the designated areas on the garment 2610, or ageneral area of the body (e.g., left wrist, right ankle, and so forth).Because the location of the module 2620 relative to the garment 2610 maybe determined from an analysis of a plurality of data sources, thesystem 2600 may include a component (e.g., the processor 2640) that isconfigured to reconcile one or more potential sources of location ofinformation based on expected reliability, measured quality of data,express user input, and so forth. A prediction confidence may alsousefully be generated in this context, which may be used, for example,to determine whether a user should be queried for more specific locationinformation. More generally, any of the foregoing techniques may be usedalong or in combination, along with a failsafe measure the requests userinput when location cannot confidently be predicted. Also or instead, auser may explicitly specify a prediction preemptively, or as an overrideto an automatically generated prediction.

Once determined using any of the techniques above, the location of amodule 2620 may be transmitted for storage and analysis to a remoteprocessing facility 2650, a database 2660, or the like. That is, inaddition to the module 2620 using this information locally to configureitself for the location in which it is worn, the module 2620 maycommunicate this information to other modules 2620, peripherals, or thecloud. Processing this information in the cloud may help an organizationdetermine if a module 2620 has ever been installed on a garment 2610,which locations are most used, and how modules 2620 perform differentlyin different locations. These analytics may be useful for many purposes,and may, for example, be used to improve the design or use of modules2620 and garments 2610, either for a population, for a user type, or fora particular user.

As stated above, the system 2600 may further include a processor 2640and a memory 2642. In general, the memory 2642 may bear computerexecutable code configured to be executed by the processor 2640 toperform processing of the data received from one or more modules 2620.One or more of the processor 2640 and the memory 2642 may be located ona local component of the system 2600 (e.g., the garment 2610, a module2620, the controller 2630, and the like) or as part of a remoteprocessing facility 2650 or the like as shown in the figure. Thus, in anaspect, one or more of the processor 2640 and the memory 2642 isincluded on at least one of the plurality of modules 2620. In thismanner, processing may be performed on a central module, or on eachmodule 2620 independently. In another aspect, one or more of theprocessor 2640 and the memory 2642 is remote relative to each of theplurality of modules 2620. For example, processing may be performed on aconnected peripheral device such as smart phone, laptop, local computer,or cloud resource.

The memory 2642 may store one or more algorithms, models, and supportingdata (e.g., parameters, calibration results, user selections, and soforth) and the like for transforming data received from a physiologicalsensor 2622 of the module 2620. In this manner, suitable models,algorithms, tuning parameters, and the like may be selected for use intransforming the data based on the location of the module 2620 asdetermined by the controller 2630 and/or processor 2640 as describedherein. By way of example, algorithms that convert data from anaccelerometer in a module 2620 into a count of a user's steps may bedifferent depending on whether the module 2620 is worn on the user'swrist or on the user's waist band. Similarly, the intensity of an LEDand corresponding sensitivity of a photodetector may be different for aPPG device placed on the wrist or the thigh. Thus, the module 2620 mayself-configure for a location by controlling one or more of sensortypes, sensor parameters, processing models, and so forth based on adetected location for the module 2620.

Selection of an algorithm may also or instead include an analysis of oneor more of the sensor data, metadata, and the like. By way of example,an algorithm may be selected at least in part based on metadata receivedfrom one of the module 2620 and the garment 2610. This metadata may bederived from communication between the module 2620 and the garment2610—e.g., between a tag and tag reader for exchanging informationtherebetween. For example, the garment 2610 may include stored in a taggarment-specific metadata that is readable by or otherwise transmittableto one or more of the plurality of modules 2620, the controller 2630,and the processor 2640. Such garment-specific metadata may include atleast one of a type of garment 2610, a size of the garment 2610, garmentdimensions, a gender configuration of the garment 2610, a manufacturer,a model number, a serial number, a SKU, a material, fit information, andso on. In one aspect, this information may be provided with one or moreof the location identification tags described herein. In another aspect,the garment 2610 may include an additional tag at a suitable location(e.g., near or accessible to a processor or controller) that providesgarment-specific information while other tags provide location-specificinformation.

The metadata may also or instead include at least one of a gender of theuser 2601, a weight of the user 2601, a height of the user 2601, an ageof the user 2601, metadata associated with the garment 2610 (e.g., thegarment size, type, material, etc.), and the like. The metadata may bederived, at least in part, from user-provided input, or otherwise frominformation derived from the user 2601 such as a user's accountinformation as a participant in the system 2600. By way of example, aprocessing algorithm may be selected depending on the material of thegarment 2601 as communicated by its serial or model number in anidentification tag, the physiology of the user 2601 as implied by thegarment size, and so on. The metadata may also or instead be used toverify the authenticity of the garment 2610, and otherwise controlaccess to the garment 2610 and/or modules 2620 coupled to the garment2610. In one aspect, metadata (e.g., size, material) may be encodeddirectly into the garment metadata. In another aspect, the garment 2610may publish a unique identifier that can be used to retrieve relatedinformation from a manufacturer or other data source. This latterapproach advantageously permits correlation of garment-specific datawith other user-specific data such as height, weight, body composition,and so forth.

Simply knowing a priori where a module 2620 is positioned may allow forthe use of algorithms that have been developed to perform optimally inthat particular location. This can relieve a significant computationalburden otherwise borne by the module 2620 to analytically evaluatelocation based on available signals. Other information may also orinstead be used to select an optimal algorithm. For example, based onthe gender or dimensions of a garment, the algorithm may employdifferent models or different model parameters.

The processor 2640 may be configured to assess the quality of the datareceived from a physiological sensor 2622 of the module 2620. Forexample, the processor 2640 may be configured to provide, based on thequality of the data, a recommendation regarding at least one of thelocation of a module 2620 and an aspect of the garment 2610 (e.g., size,fit, material, and so on). For example, the processor 2640 may beconfigured to detect when the garment does not properly fit the wearerfor acquisition of physiological data, for example, by detecting when amodule is moving (e.g., from accelerometer data) but data quality ispoor or absent for a sensed physiological signal. In general, thegarment 2610 may store its own identifier and/or metadata, e.g., asdescribed herein, or garment identification data may be stored in tags,e.g., at designated areas 2612 of the garment 2610. The processor 2640may be configured to use this garment identification information and/ormetadata to provide a recommendation regarding a different garment 2610for the user 2601, or for an adjustment to the current garment 2610. Forexample, if a particular garment 2610 seems to result in low-qualitydata, the user 2601 could be encouraged to select an alternative size,or to make some other adjustment. Moreover, data on how many times agarment 2601 is used may be gathered and used to inform businessdecisions, for example, which garments 2601 provide the highest-qualitydata, and which garments 2610 are most preferred by users 2601.

The system 2600 may further include a database 2660, which may belocated remotely and in communication with the system 2600 via the datanetwork 2602. The database 2660 may store data related to the system2600 such as any discussed herein—e.g., sensed data, processed data,transformed data, metadata, physiological signal processing models andalgorithms, personal activity history, and the like. The system 2600 mayfurther include one or more servers 2670 that host data, provide a userinterface, process data, and so forth in order to facilitate use of themodules 2620 and garments 2610 as described herein.

It will be appreciated that the garment 2610, modules 2620, andaccompanying garment infrastructure and remote networking/processingresources, may advantageously be used in combination to improvephysiological monitoring and achieve modes of monitoring not previouslyavailable. A variety of such techniques using the systems and methodsabove are now described in greater detail.

Differential Analysis Techniques

Wearable technology has facilitated, among many other things, thecollection of a wide variety of biometric data from the wearer. Somecommon sensor modalities in wearable devices include, but are notlimited to, photoplethysmography (PPG), acceleration, angular velocity,electrocardiography (EKG), electromyography (EMG),electroencephalography (EEG), temperature, and the like. Due to thediscrete nature of most existing wearable devices, a user will typicallywear a limited number of devices, with each device collecting a uniqueset of signals. For example, a user may wear a device on their wrist togather acceleration and PPG data, while simultaneously wearing achest-strap to collect EKG data. A single source of data may besufficient to extract metrics that are of interest to the user—forexample, the PPG signal in the aforementioned example from one sensormay be processed to extract a heart rate, which can be a valuable metricfor assessing cardiovascular load.

However, smart garments can greatly reduce limitations on the type andlocation of sensors, allowing data to be gathered from multiple sources.This data can be collectively analyzed to form specific physiologicaland health insights. For example, instead of a single wrist-worn devicegathering data from a single PPG sensor, or requiring a user to attachmany discrete devices all over their body, a smart garment mayincorporate multiple PPG sensors (or other sensors), where each cangather data from a different location, such as a smart garment in theform of a shirt having sensors gathering data from a wrist, a bicep,chest, back, and/or shoulder. This non-limiting example may be expandedto include many sensor modalities across multiple locations in manydifferent types of garments, and an underlying benefit of this approachcan include facilitating data capture from many different locations.

Access to multiple signals may also or instead facilitate the ability toextract metrics that would otherwise be difficult or impossible toobtain. For example, if PPG sensors are located on a wearer's wrist andbicep of the same arm and are simultaneously collecting data, a timedelay in the arterial pressure wave as it travels down the wearer's armmay provide information about blood volumetric flow rate, pressure,and/or other metrics of interest that may not be possible with only oneof these sensor locations. Similarly, the collection of data from boththe right and left wrist of a user can provide information aboutbilateral differences in circulation.

It will be understood that, while some examples emphasize PPG sensing,implementations may include other sensors and metrics. Similarly,although a smart garment formed as a shirt provides a useful example ofthe present teachings, implementations may include smart garments inother forms, as well as combinations of different smart garments. By wayof example, differential measurements of metrics at or near the head canbe useful given the presence of the brain, and thus smart garments mayinclude hats, headdresses, headbands, and the like.

It will be further understood that, while teachings of a plurality ofsensors exist—such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 10,105,98, whichis incorporated by reference herein—these teachings typically focus onreducing noise in a physiological signal (e.g., noise associated withEMG sensors) and/or capturing motion of a wearer (e.g., usingaccelerometers, gyroscopes, and the like), rather than performingdifferential analyses as contemplated herein, as well as the use ofother sensor modalities as contemplated herein.

Thus, the present teachings may include the use of multiple sensorslocated around a wearer's body to enable the determination of metricsthat would be difficult or impossible with only one sensor. To this end,a smart garment can provide a convenient solution to deploy sensorsthroughout the body of a wearer. However, although differential analysesdescribed herein may emphasize the use of multiple sensors disposed inone or more smart garments, it will be understood that the techniquesdescribed herein do not necessarily require that sensors be deployed ina garment. For example, in some instances, multiple devices may beindependently worn on different limbs to facilitate various types ofdifferential analysis.

Some classes of differential measurements that can be used with multiplesensors dispersed throughout a wearer's body (e.g., via inclusion on orwithin a smart garment) will now be described—e.g., concurrentmeasurements, synchronous measurements, asynchronous measurements, andbilateral measurements. However, it should be understood that theseclasses are not exclusive or exhaustive, but are useful examples ofcertain implementations of the present teachings.

Implementations may include obtaining and analyzing substantiallyconcurrent or synchronous measurements. It will be understood that“concurrent measurements” in this context shall include measurementstaken from two or more locations (and/or two or more different sensorsat a single location) substantially simultaneously that are intended toreflect the same physiological moment. As a practical matter, it may notbe possible to achieve perfect concurrence between two measurements,however measurements may be considered concurrent or substantiallyconcurrent as understood herein if they are sufficiently close in timeto be treated as concurrent for the purposes of further processing suchas evaluation of physiological phenomena as described herein (e.g.,within a few milliseconds of each other, or for some measurements,preferably within one millisecond or less of each other). “Synchronous”measurements may occur at different times and/or be taken in differentplaces, but will generally be recorded at known relative times within aglobal frame of reference for time tracking. That is, the chronology orrelative timing of synchronous measurements is known so that changes ina measurement (or among measurements from different sensors and/orlocations) as a function of time can be determined and evaluated. Therelevant time span may be short (e.g., a second or a fraction thereof)or long (e.g., over an interval of minutes or hours), provided thepassage of time from the one measurement to the next is known.Concurrent measurements can be particularly useful when measuring andanalyzing parameters that are expected to have different, concurrentvalues at different locations, e.g., pressure waves traveling througharteries, where the pressure wave might usefully be detected at two ormore locations at the same time. Similarly, synchronous measurements canbe particularly useful when measuring a change in a signal over a timeinterval, e.g., peak to peak variations in heart rate at differentpoints during the day, or the rate at which a physiological signal suchas a pulse travels down an artery. Moreover, calculating a time delaybetween pulses as they traverse the body with each heartbeat, orcomparing variations in time or shape as such pulses traverse the body,may provide additional information about a user's cardiovascular health,and/or can facilitate the calculation of other parameters such as bloodpressure.

Similarly, different types of physiological signals may be interrelated.For example, a differential analysis as described herein may comparePulse Transit Time (PTT) and Pulse Arrival Time (PAT), where the latteris the time between an EKG R-peak (when the heart beat “fires”) and thepulse pressure wave arriving at some location in the body as measured byPPG, whereas the former is the time delay between the pulse travelingbetween two different arterial sites.

Concurrent measurements can be useful for relating quantities that areless meaningful when measured and analyzed independently, where moreuseful information is formed from a comparison of different measurementstaken at the same (or substantially the same) instant in time.Additionally or alternatively, concurrent measurements can be useful forsituations where multiple simultaneous measurements are desired forconsensus of an underlying measurement. By way of example, temperaturereadings from certain places on the skin may be influenced byenvironmental factors and it may be difficult or impossible to draw anyuseful insights from a single measurement. Thus, where a sensor metricincludes temperature and multiple sensors are dispersed throughout awearer's body, concurrent readings from multiple locations on the bodycan provide a consensus into the actual thermal state of the wearer'sbody.

Implementations may also or instead include obtaining and analyzingasynchronous measurements. “Asynchronous measurements” in this contextwill be understood to include measurements taken at different times withan unknown intervening interval. This may optionally be from two or moredifferent locations. Thus, two or more physiological sensor measurementsneed not occur simultaneously in order to draw insights from an analysisor comparison thereof. For example, PPG signals gathered on a user'swrist during certain sleep periods and PPG signals obtained on theuser's ankle during other, different sleep periods can be useful foranalysis. Specifically, these PPG signals will likely producesignificantly different waveforms, and a comparison of these waveformscan be used to predict or diagnose potential blood flow issues to thelower extremities. As another example, measurements taken generally atdifferent times during the day (e.g., morning, noon, evening) orseparated by a significant period of time such as days or weeks, maycontain useful physiological information although the precise intervalbetween sets of measurements is not known. Stated more generally,different temporal measurements (even across different days) may providevalue for a user by comparing PPG waveform features or otherwisecomparing and analyzing the data even where the interval betweenmeasurements is not known with precision, or is not known at all.

Implementations may also or instead include obtaining and analyzingbilateral measurements. It will be understood that “bilateralmeasurements” in this context shall include measurements taken tocompare one side of a wearer's body to another, different side of awearer's body, or more generally to compare one region of the body toanother, different region. For example, because the human body issubstantially symmetrical in most subjects, comparison of physiologicalsignals obtained from opposing sides of the human body can provideuseful insights. By way of example, the difference in amplitude of a PPGwave between a user's left and right sides may indicate asymmetries inblood flow between the two sides. It will be understood that bilateralmeasurements can be obtained and analyzed concurrently and/orasynchronously.

For one or more of the above measurements, useful comparisons ofdifferential sensor data may require the sensors to be deployed in knownlocations. However, it is possible that data can be compared across aplurality of sensors and useful insights can be gathered therefrom evenwithout knowing the specific locations of one or more of the sensors. Byway of example, feedback to a user could simply indicate that aparticular measurement is different from others; and a user, themselvesknowing the location of that particular sensor, can infer somethinguseful from that feedback.

It will be understood that additional timing infrastructure may berequired to support synchronous or concurrent measurements. Whereindividual sensors are coupled by wires directly to a processing hub(such as any of the controllers or processors described herein) forstorage and analysis, e.g., where the garment infrastructure includes awired communications bus, transit times may generally be assumed to beinstantaneous, and signals may be time stamped or otherwise associatedwith a global timing reference based on the time they are received atthe processing hub. However, where signals from different modules aresent wirelessly and/or through some indirect communication channel to acentral location for storage and processing, an additional timingreference may be required. In one aspect, individual modules may besynchronized, e.g., to a GPS timing reference or some other generallyavailable global timing reference. In another aspect, the garment mayissue a timing signal or a beacon for use by modules in time stampingsensed data. Thus, in one aspect, a module may include a receiver toreceive timing data from a timing reference (e.g., in the garmentinfrastructure or available from some global timing source), and may beconfigured, e.g., by computer code, to synchronize a local clock basedon the timing data and to time stamp measurements using the local clockas they are captured. In another aspect, the timing reference may be acontinuous timing signal that is used to directly time-stamp concurrentmeasurements. More generally, any suitable technique for synchronizingmodules to support concurrent and/or synchronous signal acquisition maybe used in a garment infrastructure as contemplated herein.

Various sensor modalities that can be used in differential analysesaccording to the present teachings will now be described by way ofexample. However, it will be understood that different sensing hardwareand techniques may also or instead be used.

In one aspect, the sensors may use PPG. PPG measurements from differentsensors and locations in a smart garment or the like can yield insightswith respect to blood pressure, heart health, circulatory systemcondition (e.g., blood vessel stiffness, blood viscosity, and so on),and the like. For example, comparing a PPG waveform taken from alocation on the chest of a user to those taken on the wrist, ankle,head, or elsewhere, can provide insight into peripheral circulation.

The sensors may also or instead measure temperature, which may includeskin temperature, body temperature, core temperature, and the like. Bodytemperature (e.g., temperature of the skin) can be influenced byenvironmental conditions and/or different activities. Temperature mayalso be regulated by blood flow, and, in this manner, differentialtemperature measurements may provide additional cues to circulation.Temperatures may also include an ambient or environmental temperature,which may affect strain experienced by a user during various activities,and may be used to adjust strain calculations accordingly, e.g., byincreasing a calculated strain score as temperatures deviate from atypical room temperature range (e.g., of about 68-72 degreesFahrenheit).

The sensors may also or instead measure muscle oxygen (SmO2). Muscleoxygen can vary widely between different muscles, and can be highlydependent on an activity in which a user is engaged. Thus, insightsyielded from an analysis of differential measurements of muscle oxygencan be used to recognize activities of the user, or assist in automatedactivity recognition, or to calculate corresponding strain, recovery,and so forth. Muscle oxygen (SmO2) measurements can also or instead byapplied to tissue, and be used to detect the oxygen level in otherorgans or parts of the body non-invasively. For example, tissue oxygenmeasurements of the breast may be used to detect the presence of cancer,and/or its response to an intervention such as chemotherapy over timebased on the hypermetabolic state of a tumor versus healthy tissue andits corresponding difference in tissue oxygen saturation. Further,tissue oxygen measurements, when performed on the head, can indicate theoxygenation state of the brain.

In general, muscle oxygenation represents the balance in oxygen supply(via the cardiopulmonary system) and demand (by the muscle) and cantherefore be an excellent indicator of muscular load. And, unlike heartrate, which is generally a systemic parameter used to indicatecardiovascular load, muscle oxygen levels can differ between muscles duein large part to the potentially different levels of exertion by each ofthese different muscles during different activities. As such, thedifferential analysis techniques described herein when applied to muscleoxygen measurements can provide an advantageous picture of the state ofmuscular load of the wearer.

Other factors that may contribute to differences in muscle oxygenmeasurements can be from the supply-side, for example inhibited bloodflow to certain muscle or other tissue. This can be caused by a naturalregulation by the body, or by some other condition or illness (e.g.,peripheral arterial disease), or due to an operation or the like.

Regardless, muscle oxygen measurements when considered in the context oftraining and differential analysis may provide useful cues to a userthat they can act on.

For example, the body's natural regulation of blood flow relates towarmup, and can be well quantified by differential analysis techniques.Light activity during warmup can induce increased blood flow to certainmuscles, indicating a state of readiness, while other muscles may notexperience the same level of increased blood flow during the same time.This feedback can be used to adjust the activity the user is engaged inso as to promote blood flow to all desired muscles and ensure they reacha desired state of readiness. Failure to do so can put the user in astate where they are more prone to injuries when improperly prepared.

Muscle oxygen measurements can also indicate a state of muscularfatigue, which may also be an indication that the wearer is in a statewhere injuries are more likely to occur. This may also be anotherindication as to which muscles are limiting athletic performance,therefore prompting a user to train to improve these deficiencies.Additionally, a user may alter their form so as to better engage musclesthat are less fatigued and give a rest to those which are more fatigued.

The above examples are similarly applicable to the case of“asynchronous” measurements. One day to the next, a user may engage inactivity at different levels of exertion, which can be quantified viamuscle oxygen measurements. These measurements can track an overalltraining intensity during subsequent training sessions and also measurephysiological changes over time. For example, a runner who consistentlyruns a roughly fixed distance in a fixed amount of time, but continuallydoes so at increased oxygen levels, can indicate improving of the oxygendelivery to the muscles. Similarly, muscle oxygen measurements can beused to track the body's response to hypoxic conditions (e.g., highaltitude) over time.

Generally, a relatively high level of oxygen supply to the muscle isbeneficial for a user, as mentioned in the examples above. However, auser's body should also be able to use the supplied oxygen effectively.To this end, extensions of the examples above may also or insteadinclude cases where it is desirable to sufficiently desaturate oxygen inthe muscle. For example, if a user is engaged in maximal effort activityand unable to desaturate, it can indicate poor oxygen uptake by themuscle, thus indicating a deficiency which can be targeted via training.More generally, muscle usage and fatigue can be measured using an arrayof sensors in one or more smart garments, and this data can be used toimprove physiological monitoring by supporting activity recognition,improving measurements of strain and recovery, and providing coachingsuggestions and analysis related to prior workouts and potential futureworkouts.

The sensors may also or instead include pulse oximetry oxygen saturation(SpO2) sensors. The analyses of differential measurements of pulsatileoxygen may be similar to those possible with PPG measurements, but withadditional information related to oxygen delivery.

It will be understood that sensors used to obtain differentialmeasurements may include optical sensors. For example, optical sensorscan be used to capture data related to PPG, SpO2, and SmO2—where each ofthese metrics may conveniently use similar wavelength ranges of light.The sensors may also or instead include other sensors, which may beoptical or non-optical. By way of example, the sensors used to obtaindifferential measurements may include inertial sensors, electricalsensors (e.g., EKG, EMG, EEG, and the like), and so on.

Also or instead, in the context of smart garments, sensors used toobtain differential measurements may include resistive fabrics used toform at least a portion of a smart garment. Resistive fabrics such aspiezo-resistive fabric sensors, conductive fabric threads, and the likehave been used to detect respiration, and may usefully be incorporatedinto a smart garment as described herein.

Differential analyses according to the present teachings can include ananalysis of the same type of signal (e.g., the same metric) in differentlocations and/or at different times. Also or instead, differentialanalyses according to the present teachings can include an analysis of adifferent signal in different locations and/or at different times. Byway of example, PPG data from a wearer's wrist analyzed in conjunctionwith inertial measurements on a wearer's foot can be used to evaluate awearer's activity along with accompanying metrics such as strain.Various examples of use cases will now be described.

Example 1: Asynchronous Measurements of PPG for Insights RegardingCardiovascular Health

A combination of asynchronous measurements specific to PPG signals canprovide insights into cardiovascular health based on multiplemeasurements from multiple locations. By way of example, using adifferential analysis, the shape of the PPG signal at differentlocations can be used to infer properties such as arterial stiffness andcardiovascular health, which can in turn be used to produce a parametersuch as a “cardiovascular age” or the like, which may be useful to auser, trainer, coach, health care professional, or the like. That is,certain parameters that govern cardiovascular health may vary slowlyover time (e.g., on the time scale of years, as a human ages). Theseparameters may include, for example, arterial stiffness, arterialdiameter, and arterial wall thickness. Other slowly-varying quantitiessuch as body weight also influence these vascular parameters. Given thatthese parameters vary over a timescale of months and years, takingmeasurements from different locations one day to the next can be assumedto be fixed for certain analyses. Thus, PPG signals from multiplelocations, even when not captured synchronously, can yield insight intothe aforementioned cardiovascular parameters more so than measurement(s)from a single location. That is for properties that vary slowly overlong time scales, differential analysis may usefully be performedwithout concurrent measurements, and a single sensor may advantageouslybe employed to capture multiple measurements at multiple locations,after which a differential pulse shape analysis or the like may beemployed to draw inferences about cardiac health as describe above.

One example involves measuring the magnitude of PPG signals at differentlocations. By way of example, such measurements can provide thepotential to diagnose postoperative or other issues with the circulatorysystem, where adequate blood supply may not be reaching certain parts ofthe body.

This example can also apply to the bilateral class of measurementsdescribed above. That is, the location of a sensor on a wearer's body(e.g., which can be determined from its location/presence in a garment,or otherwise) can provide a relatively straightforward path to determinedifferences in measurements. For example, if a sensor is located in astrap that is alternated periodically between a user's left and rightwrist, the pulse shape at each of these locations can be characterizedand compared. And simply identifying that the representative pulse shapebetween the left and right wrist is different can have value in aphysiological health analysis. Using the techniques described herein, awrist-worn or garment-worn monitor (or some combination of these) may beanalyzed based on accelerometer data to determine when a sensor is onthe left wrist and when the sensor is on the right wrist (or at anyother locations suitable for bilateral analysis). Pulses captured ateach of these locations without some useful time window (e.g., within afew days) may then be compared to identify differences between aleft-side pulse shape and a right-side pulse shape.

Example 2: Synchronous Measurements of PPG and Transit Time for InsightsRegarding Blood Pressure

In one aspect, two or more PPG sensors can concurrently acquire dataalong the same branch of an arterial tree of a wearer. The pulse wavepropagation along the branch can be quantified, yielding a transit timeof the arterial pulse between the two locations, which in turn permitsan inference about blood pressure. A variety of techniques fornon-invasive, cuffless blood pressure monitoring are known in the artbased on, e.g., empirical models, wavefront models, physical models(e.g., of arterial wall elasticity) and the like, with blood pressuregenerally inversely related to pulse transit time. Thus, in one aspect,there is disclosed herein a smart garment with two modules that capturePPG data at two locations along an arterial path and use this data todetermine blood pressure based on transit time. In another aspect, thisconcept may be applied to different points along different arterialbranches, e.g., where the relative distance of each to a source (i.e.,the heart) is known. Similarly, synchronous EKG and PPG signals mayprovide useful pulse wave propagation information.

Practical considerations of synchronizing time across two (or more)devices to accurately determine transit time are known in the art—see,e.g., IEEE 1588-2002 describing the precision time protocol (PTP), whichis incorporated by reference herein. Other techniques may also orinstead be used, including beacons, time stamps, global timingreferences, and the like. It is thus possible to accurately determineblood pressure (and any other relevant physiological parameters) fromtransit time and other features resolved from synchronous PPGmeasurements, and to determine additional parameters (e.g., blood flow)from these features.

Example 3: Synchronous/Asynchronous Muscle Oxygen Measurements forInsights Regarding Muscular Exertion

Muscle/tissue oxygen measurements may be more spatially dependent thanother parameters like heart rate and/or blood pressure measurements. Inthis context, differential measurements may provide informationregarding which muscles are limiting performance during an activitybased on their state of oxygenation, and/or bilateral differences.Further, in the context of training, differential oxygen measurementscan inform a user whether to target certain muscles over others, and/orwhether to correct their form or otherwise change their activity.Moreover, differential oxygen measurements can be used to understand ordiagnose one or more conditions such as poor circulation, peripheralarterial disease, diagnosing postoperative circulatory issues, and thelike. By way of example, asynchronous muscle oxygen measurements in auser's legs shortly after receiving an angioplasty and coronary arterystent can reveal low oxygenation in one leg versus the other, therebyindicating poor circulation as a basis for prescribing additionaldiagnostics and intervention.

Smart Garments as Infrastructure for a Physiological Sensing System

As described above, embedding sensors and other wearable technologies inclothing can provide many advantages. For example, embedding wearabletechnology in a shirt may allow electrocardiogram (ECG) based heart ratemeasurements to be gathered more easily from the torso, wirelessantennas to be placed above the upper portion of the thoracic spine toachieve better communications signal, a contactless payment system beembedded in a sleeve cuff for easy interactions with a payment terminal,and muscle oxygen saturation measurements to be gathered from musclessuch as the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, andother major muscle groups. Smart garments can similarly free up valuablereal estate to accommodate other device or fashion accessories. Forexample, if sensors in a wrist-worn device that provide heart ratemonitoring and step counting can be instead embedded in a user'sundergarments, the user may still receive the biometric information theydesire, while also being able to wear jewelry or other accessories ontheir wrist. Smart garments can also add technology to items that a useralready wears, more seamlessly fitting into their habits and lifestyle,while removing the burden of having to wear additional items. However, asmart garment can do more than simply facilitate an alternative way tocouple a sensor module to a wearer—it may offer other benefits madepossible by the garment itself. Some nonlimiting examples are discussedbelow.

Utilizing a Separate Computing Device (e.g., a Smartphone)

A smart garment system may use capabilities or features of a separatecomputing device such as the mobile phone of a user. For example, asmart garment system may be able to detect the presence of a user'scomputing device and determine other information such as its locationand orientation relative to a smart garment. This information can thenbe used to determine an activity of the user, determine a geographiclocation of the user (e.g., based on the computing devices geolocationcapabilities), and so on. Also or instead, a smart garment system mayuse capabilities of the computing device such as communications andprocessing capabilities to offload physiological monitoring tasks.

Embedded Antenna

A smart garment system may include an antenna, e.g., on one or moresensing modules, on a control module, and/or as part of a garmentitself. By way of example, a conductive antenna (passive trace) may beaffixed to, or embedded within, a garment, so that the wirelesscommunication range of a sensor module can be extended when it is placedin the garment.

System Hub

A smart garment may provide a functional hub for any attached devices.This may couple to or contain accessories such as power, userinput/output, processing resources, networking resources, inter-devicecommunications infrastructure, and so forth. The hub may also or insteadserve as a wireless resource to wirelessly gather data from varioussensors coupled to the smart garment, and to store the resulting sensordata and/or forward (e.g., opportunistically when a suitable receivingdevice is available) to a remote processing resource. This latterapproach can advantageously reduce local data storage and communicationsrequirements for sensing modules to permit smaller and/or more powerefficient modules.

User Inputs/Feedback

In addition to measurements taken by one or more sensors within a smartgarment, a smart garment system can provide a user interface includinginput or output for images/video, sound, vibration, and so forth. Theuser interface may include alternatives to a graphical user interfacemore suited to a garment. For example, a smart garment (e.g., a sensormodule of a smart garment) may include a capacitive sensor, a forcesensor pad, or the like, which can be structurally configured to allow auser to provide an input thereto—for example, to indicate when thewearer has run a lap on a track, to annotate various moments duringexercise, to adjust a strain coach, to switch a sensor on or off, and soon.

In a similar manner, a smart garment or a module of a smart garment mayinclude mechanisms for providing feedback to a user. This can includeone or more of a visual indicator such as a light, a tactile indicatorsuch as a vibration motor, an audio indicator such as a speaker (thiscan be especially advantageous if included in headwear), and so on. Forexample, such mechanisms for providing feedback to a user may help guidea user through breathing exercises as part of a meditation session,indicate expiration of a time interval, signal achievement ofmilestones, and so forth.

Powerpack

A smart garment or portion thereof may include a power source. Forexample, a centralized/discrete power pack module in a smart garment mayprovide a source of power to recharge various sensor modules. This powerpack may include, or be powered or recharged by, a user's mobile phone,from which energy can be extracted wirelessly via reverse charging. Inanother aspect, one of the modules may include a battery pack or thelike for powering or recharging other modules coupled to the smartgarment.

Arrangement and Motion Detection

A smart garment or portion thereof may include one or more mechanismsfor ascertaining a fit or arrangement of the smart garment or portionthereof. For example, a sensor module may be configured to detect aforce or pressure (e.g., via a capacitive touch sensor or the like) inorder to determine whether a garment is properly situated on a user(e.g., whether the fit is proper, too tight, or not tight enough).Motion detection may also be provided, e.g., where feedback can be usedto guide a user through a desired motion when exercising or the like.Thus, in one aspect, a number of accelerometers may be integrated into agarment at useful locations (wrists, ankles, shoulders, etc.) andcoupled wirelessly or through a wired communication bus in the garmentto other system components. These motion sensors may be independentlypowered or powered by another module or power source for the smartgarment, and may provide motion data to other resources within a smartgarment infrastructure for use in activity detection and otherphysiological monitoring and the like.

Wearability Enhancements for Smart Garments

One or more of the modules as described herein (e.g., sensing or controlmodules) may be specifically tailored for wearability on a smartgarment, e.g., throughout the body. By way of example, one or moremodules may omit a graphical user interface, e.g., where the modulesmight be positioned in locations where such an interface would beimpractical or undesirous—e.g., on an ankle or foot, on undergarments,and so on. Such modules may usefully present a programming interfacethat presents a human or computer useable interface to other devices inorder to integrate such modules into a physiological monitoring systemusing the smart garment.

One or more of the modules may include inputs that are specificallydesigned for use in a smart garment system. For example, the inputs maybe structurally configured to be accessed via a “tap detection” featureor a piezo-electric touch or tap sensitive surface. In this manner, auser can provide inputs to a device even in the absence of a graphicalor mechanical user interface, and in particular, when a device is at amarginally accessible location such as under other layers of clothing.This can be a distinct advantage over other inputs such as buttons, acrown, a touchscreen, capacitive touch, and the like. Further, inputsthat utilize such a tap detection technique can also help prevent falseinputs to do inadvertent button presses and the like, although amulti-tap interface protocol may be used when appropriate to avoidinterpretation of spurious contact as user input.

The above systems, devices, methods, processes, and the like may berealized in hardware, software, or any combination of these suitable forthe control, data acquisition, and data processing described herein.This includes realization in one or more microprocessors,microcontrollers, embedded microcontrollers, programmable digital signalprocessors or other programmable devices or processing circuitry, alongwith internal and/or external memory. This may also, or instead, includeone or more application specific integrated circuits, programmable gatearrays, programmable array logic components, or any other device ordevices that may be configured to process electronic signals. It willfurther be appreciated that a realization of the processes or devicesdescribed above may include computer-executable code created using astructured programming language such as C, an object orientedprogramming language such as C++, or any other high-level or low-levelprogramming language (including assembly languages, hardware descriptionlanguages, and database programming languages and technologies) that maybe stored, compiled or interpreted to run on one of the above devices,as well as heterogeneous combinations of processors, processorarchitectures, or combinations of different hardware and software.

Thus, in one aspect, each method described above, and combinationsthereof may be embodied in computer executable code that, when executingon one or more computing devices, performs the steps thereof. In anotheraspect, the methods may be embodied in systems that perform the stepsthereof, and may be distributed across devices in a number of ways, orall of the functionality may be integrated into a dedicated, standalonedevice or other hardware. The code may be stored in a non-transitoryfashion in a computer memory, which may be a memory from which theprogram executes (such as random access memory associated with aprocessor), or a storage device such as a disk drive, flash memory orany other optical, electromagnetic, magnetic, infrared, or other deviceor combination of devices. In another aspect, any of the systems andmethods described above may be embodied in any suitable transmission orpropagation medium carrying computer-executable code and/or any inputsor outputs from same. In another aspect, means for performing the stepsassociated with the processes described above may include any of thehardware and/or software described above. All such permutations andcombinations are intended to fall within the scope of the presentdisclosure.

The method steps of the implementations described herein are intended toinclude any suitable method of causing such method steps to beperformed, consistent with the patentability of the following claims,unless a different meaning is expressly provided or otherwise clear fromthe context. So, for example, performing the step of X includes anysuitable method for causing another party such as a remote user, aremote processing resource (e.g., a server or cloud computer) or amachine to perform the step of X. Similarly, performing steps X, Y, andZ may include any method of directing or controlling any combination ofsuch other individuals or resources to perform steps X, Y, and Z toobtain the benefit of such steps. Thus, method steps of theimplementations described herein are intended to include any suitablemethod of causing one or more other parties or entities to perform thesteps, consistent with the patentability of the following claims, unlessa different meaning is expressly provided or otherwise clear from thecontext. Such parties or entities need not be under the direction orcontrol of any other party or entity and need not be located within aparticular jurisdiction.

It will be appreciated that the methods and systems described above areset forth by way of example and not of limitation. Numerous variations,additions, omissions, and other modifications will be apparent to one ofordinary skill in the art. In addition, the order or presentation ofmethod steps in the description and drawings above is not intended torequire this order of performing the recited steps unless a particularorder is expressly required or otherwise clear from the context. Thus,while particular embodiments have been shown and described, it will beapparent to those skilled in the art that various changes andmodifications in form and details may be made therein without departingfrom the spirit and scope of this disclosure and are intended to form apart of the invention as defined by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A device comprising: a monitoring devicecomprising a first housing, wherein the first housing includes a firstwaterproof enclosure for a first battery and sensing circuitry poweredby the first battery, the first housing including a pair of functionalguide surfaces on opposing sides thereof, each of the functional guidesurfaces forming a curved draw path, and each of the functional guidesurfaces including a curved detent; and a recharging battery comprisinga second housing, wherein the second housing includes a secondwaterproof enclosure for a second battery and wireless power transfercircuitry, the rechargeable battery including a pair of wings eachhaving a curved flange shaped to guide the rechargeable battery alongthe curved draw path by following a respective one of the functionalguide surfaces, the curved flange further shaped to mate with the curveddetent of the monitoring device to secure the recharging battery in apredetermined position relative to the monitoring device for wirelesslytransferring power from the second battery to the first battery throughthe wireless power transfer circuitry.
 2. The device of claim 1, whereinthe functional guide surfaces create maximum insertion force forcoupling the recharging battery to the monitoring device along thecurved draw path of about 8 Newtons.
 3. The device of claim 1, whereinthe functional guide surfaces create maximum insertion force forcoupling the recharging battery to the monitoring device along thecurved draw path of about 5 Newtons to about 15 Newtons.
 4. The deviceof claim 1, wherein the functional guide surfaces create a maximumremoval force for uncoupling the recharging battery from the monitoringdevice along the curved draw path of about 18 Newtons.
 5. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the functional guide surfaces create a maximum removalforce for uncoupling the recharging battery from the monitoring devicealong the curved draw path of about 10 Newtons to about 35 Newtons. 6.The device of claim 1, wherein each of the functional guide surfacesincludes a ramp progressively displacing a corresponding one of thewings to receive the recharging battery along the curved draw path. 7.The device of claim 6, wherein the ramp of each of the functional guidesurfaces displaces one of the wings of the recharging battery about 0.5millimeters in a direction away from the monitoring device.
 8. Thedevice of claim 6, wherein each of the functional guide surfacesincludes a second ramp progressively displacing the corresponding one ofthe wings to release the recharging battery from the curved detent whenremoving the recharging battery along the curved draw path.
 9. Thedevice of claim 6, wherein each of the functional guide surfacesincludes a hard stop preventing movement of the recharging batterybeyond the curved detents that receive the curved flanges when attachingthe recharging battery to the monitoring device along the curved drawpath.
 10. The device of claim 1, wherein each of the curved flanges ofthe wings yield apart from one another about 0.5 millimeters in responseto an outward force of about 20 Newtons.
 11. The device of claim 1,wherein each of the curved flanges require at least 100 Newtons ofoutward force to separate from the functional guide surfaces of themonitoring device in a direction off the curved draw path.
 12. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein the second waterproof enclosure preventsingress of water in harmful quantities during immersion in water to atleast one meter for at least thirty minutes.
 13. The device of claim 1,wherein the first waterproof enclosure prevents ingress of water inharmful quantities during immersion in water to at least one meter forat least thirty minutes.
 14. The device of claim 1, wherein the curveddraw path has a radius of curvature of about 227 millimeters.
 15. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein the curved draw path has a radius ofcurvature of between about 200 millimeters and about 260 millimeters.16. The device of claim 1, wherein the second housing is formed of apolycarbonate blend.
 17. The device of claim 1, wherein the pair ofwings are symmetrical about an axis normal to the draw path tofacilitate bidirectional coupling of the recharging battery to themonitoring device.
 18. The device of claim 1, wherein the rechargingbattery is configured for bidirectional mechanical and electromagneticcoupling to the monitoring device.
 19. A device comprising: a battery; awireless power transfer circuit including an antenna having a normalaxis; a housing enclosing the battery and the wireless power transfercircuit, wherein the housing encloses the battery and the wireless powertransfer circuit to prevent ingress of water in harmful quantitiesduring immersion in water to at least one meter for at least thirtyminutes; and two wings extending from the housing parallel to the normalaxis of the antenna, each wing having a curved flange extending towardan opposing one of the two wings, wherein each of the wings yields about0.5 millimeters to an outward force of between ten and thirty Newtons,and wherein each of the curved flanges has a radius of curvature ofbetween two hundred and two hundred fifty millimeters.
 20. The device ofclaim 19, wherein the two wings are formed of a polycarbonate blend. 21.The device of claim 19, wherein the antenna is a planar antenna shapedand sized for non-contact power transfer.
 22. The device of claim 19,wherein the antenna conforms to a lateral surface of a right cylinder.23. The device of claim 22, wherein the lateral surface has a curvaturecorresponding to the radius of curvature of the curved flanges.
 24. Thedevice of claim 22, further comprising a physiological monitoring devicehaving a second antenna for non-contact power transfer, the secondantenna having a curvature corresponding to the radius of curvature ofthe curved flanges.